Polygonaceae Juss.
Emex australis Steinh. , legitimate, scientific
Steinheil, A. (April 1838), Materiaux pour servir a la Flora de Barbarie (Quatrieme article). Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique ser. 2, 9: 195-196 [footnote (2)], t. 7 BHL [tax. nov.]
  • Type: "Il y a dans l'herbier de M. Delessert ... été récoltes dans l'Inde..."
Meisner, C.D.F. (1841), Synopsis Thymelaearum, Polygonearum et Begoniarum Africae Australis inprimis a cl. J.J.Drege lectarum. Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde 14: 490 [taxonomic synonym]
taxonomic synonym of: Emex centropodium Meisn. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
Meisner, C.D.F. in Lehmann, J.G.C. (ed.) (1845), Polygoneae. Plantae Preissianae 1(4): 625 [secondary reference]
Meisner, C.D.F. (1854), Plantae Muellerianae: Polygoneae. Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde 26: 363 [secondary reference]
Mueller, F.J.H. von (1882), Systematic Census of Australian Plants: 31 [secondary reference]
Mueller, F.J.H. von (13 May 1889), Systematic Census of Australian Plants Suppl. 4: 5 [secondary reference]
Diels, F.L.E. & Pritzel, E.G. (6 December 1904), Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae occidentalis. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pflanzen Westaustraliens, ihrer Verbreitung und ihrer Lebensverhaltnisse. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 35(2-3): 179 BHL [secondary reference]
Bailey, F.M. (1913), Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants: 417 [secondary reference]
common name: Devil's Thorn [n/a]
Black, J.M. (1924), Casuarinaceae - Euphorbiaceae. Flora of South Australia 2: 174, Fig. 46 [secondary reference]
Black, J.M. (January 1948), Casuarinaceae-Euphorbiaceae. Flora of South Australia Edn. 2, 2: 282, Fig. 338 [secondary reference]
  • Text: "The hard spiny fruiting perianths are called Prickly Jacks. South Africa."
Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. & Carolin, R.C. (1962), Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Sydney District and Blue Mountains: 157 [secondary reference]
common name: Prickly Jacks [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a]
Chippendale, G.M. & Murray, L.R. (1963), Poisonous Plants of the Northern Territory: 36, Fig. 12 [secondary reference]
common name: Cat's Head [n/a]
Curtis, W.M. (1967), Angiospermae: Plumbaginaceae to Salicaceae. The Student's Flora of Tasmania 3: 583 [secondary reference]
Chippendale, G.M. (17 April 1972), Check List of Northern Territory Plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 96(4): 231 BHL [secondary reference]
Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L. & Leigh, J.H. (1981), Plants of Western New South Wales: 229 [secondary reference]
common name: Bullhead [n/a] common name: Goathead [n/a] common name: Cape Spinach [n/a] common name: Double-gee [n/a] common name: Three-cornered Jack [n/a] common name: Prickly Jacks [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a]
Green, J.W. (1981), Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia: 33 [secondary reference]
Henshall, T.S. in Jessop, J.P. (ed.) (1981), Polygonaceae. Flora of Central Australia: 29-30, Fig. 44 [secondary reference]
common name: double gee [n/a] common name: Three-cornered jack [n/a]
Jacobs, S.W.L. & Pickard, J. (1981), Plants of New South Wales: 176 [secondary reference]
Ross, E.M. in Stanley, T.D. & Ross, E.M. (1984), Polygonaceae. Flora of South-eastern Queensland 1: 86-87, Fig. 10J [secondary reference]
common name: Prickly Jack [n/a] common name: Cape Spinach [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a] common name: Double Gee [n/a]
Green, J.W. (1985), Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia Edn. 2: 67 [secondary reference]
Gray, M. & Michael, P.W. (1986), List of plants collected at the old Flemington Saleyards, Sydney, New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 1(4): 140 [secondary reference]
common name: Threecornered Jack [n/a]
Bennett, E.M. in Marchant, N.G., Wheeler, J.R., Rye, B.L., Bennett, E.M., Lander, N.S. & Macfarlane, T.D. (1987), Polygonaceae. Flora of the Perth Region 1: 111 [secondary reference]
common name: Threecornered Jack [n/a] common name: Doublegee [n/a]
Dunlop, C.R. (1987), Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Northern Territory. Technical Report: Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory 26: 68 [secondary reference]
Wilson, K.L. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1990), Polygonaceae. Flora of New South Wales 1: 293 [secondary reference]
common name: Doublegee [n/a] common name: Three-cornered Jacks [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a]
Walsh, N.G. in Walsh, N.G. & Entwisle, T.J. (ed.) (1996), Polygonaceae. Flora of Victoria 3: 295, Fig. 58f-g [secondary reference]
common name: Doublegee [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a] common name: Three-cornered Jack [n/a]
Wilson, K.L. in Harden, G.J. (ed.) (2000), Polygonaceae. Flora of New South Wales Revised Edition 1: 293 [secondary reference]
common name: Doublegee [n/a] common name: Three-cornered Jacks [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a]
Wheeler, J.R., Marchant, N.G. & Lewington, M. (2002), Dicotyledons. Flora of the South West 2: 801 [secondary reference]
common name: Three-cornered Jack [n/a] common name: Doublegee [n/a]
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (2006), Australian Plant Census: - [secondary reference]
taxonomic synonym: Emex centropodium Meisn. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
  • APC Dist.: WA (naturalised), NT (naturalised), SA (naturalised), Qld (naturalised), NSW (naturalised), NI (naturalised), Vic (naturalised), Tas (naturalised)
Western Australian Herbarium (2007), FloraBase: the Western Australian Flora Version 2.5: - [secondary reference]
common name: Doublegee [n/a]
State Herbarium of South Australia (2008), Fact sheets. The Electronic Flora of South Australia: - [secondary reference]
common name: Devil-face [n/a] common name: Goat-heads [n/a] common name: Prickly Jack [n/a] common name: Jackie [n/a] common name: Cape Spinach [n/a] common name: Double Gee [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a] common name: Three-cornered Jack [n/a]
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2009), PlantNET Flora of New South Wales Online: - [secondary reference]
common name: Doublegee [n/a] common name: Three-cornered Jacks [n/a] common name: Spiny Emex [n/a]
Schuster, T.M., Reveal, J.L., Bayly, M.J. & Kron, K.A. (2015), An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of Oxygonum, Pteroxygonum, and Rumex, and a new circumscription of Koenigia. Taxon 64(6): 1204 [secondary reference]
  • Lectotype: "Lectotype (step-one, designated by Graham, Fl. Trop. E. Africa [Polygonaceae]: 3. 1958): Hottentott Schotland, Cap de Bonne-Espérance, South Africa, 1827, J. Verreaux s.n. (step-two, designated here: G barcode G00386065 [photo!])."
Schuster, T.M., Reveal, J.L., Bayly, M.J. & Kron, K.A. (2015), An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of Oxygonum, Pteroxygonum, and Rumex, and a new circumscription of Koenigia. Taxon 64(6): 1204 [replaced synonym]
replaced synonym of: Rumex hypogaeus T.M.Schust. & Reveal legitimate
Barrett, Russell & Tay, Eng Pin (2016), Perth Plants: a Field Guide to the Bushland and Coastal Flora of Kings Park and Bold Park Edn. 2: 338-339, photos 4-6 [secondary reference]
common name: Doublegee [n/a]
de Salas, M.F. & Baker, M.L. (2016), Tasmanian vascular plant census. A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 63 [secondary reference]
Percy-Bower, J.M. & Parker, C.M. (16 March 2017), Updates to Western Australia’s vascular plant census for 2016. Nuytsia 28: 125 [nomenclatural synonym]
nomenclatural synonym of: Rumex hypogaeus T.M.Schust. & Reveal legitimate
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (31 July 2018), Australian Plant Census: - [nomenclatural synonym]
nomenclatural synonym of: Rumex hypogaeus T.M.Schust. & Reveal legitimate
Bostock, P.D. & Holland, A.E. (August 2018), Appendix A: New names and name and status changes 2017 to 2018. Introduction to the Census of the Queensland Flora 2018: 11 [nomenclatural synonym]
nomenclatural synonym of: Rumex hypogaeus T.M.Schust. & Reveal legitimate