Introduction

This family of land snails is almost worldwide in distribution, but has been introduced to Australia. Typically, the species have thin, low spired, transparent to translucent shells and are often collectively called 'glass snails'. Several species have been introduced into the temperate to sub-tropical parts of Australia where they occur in gardens and other damp, sheltered situations. They are classed as beneficial introductions since they feed on non-green vegetable matter and on small animals such as insect larvae and pest species of molluscs.

Burch (1976) used the name Vitrinidae for this family, but this work follows Zilch (1959) in the use of the name Zonitidae. Revisions of members of the family in Australia have been carried out by Long (1972) and Bishop (1978).

The family is characterized by the small to medium sized, flattened shells with little or no sculpture. In Australia, they are found mainly in gardens and other introduced vegetation.

General References

Bishop, M.J. 1978. Zonitoides arboreus (Say) (Pulmonata : Zonitidae) introduced into Australia and the identity of Alienator Iredale. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 4: 7-8

Burch, J.B. 1976. Outline of classification of Australian terrestrial molluscs (native and introduced). Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 3: 127-156

Long, D.C. 1972. Zonitid snails (Gastropoda : Pulmonata) introduced into Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne 33: 115-120

Smith, B.J. 1998. Family Zonitidae. 1104 in Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Wells, A. (eds). Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing Vol. 5(Part B) pp. vi–viii, 565–1234.

Solem, A. 1989. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 2(4): 455-604

Zilch, A. 1959. Gastropoda. Teil 2. Euthyneura. In, Schindewolf, O.H. (ed.). Handbuch der Paläozoologie. Berlin-Zehlendorf : Bornträger Vol. 6(2)(2) xii 834 pp.

History of changes

• Geodiscus Iredale, T. 1941. A basic list of the land Mollusca of Papua. The Australian Zoologist 10: 51-94 [72].

  Type species:

   Helix (Discus) lomonti Brazier, 1876 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Extra Distribution Information

New Guinea.

IBRA

NT: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Channel Country (CHC), Central Ranges (CR), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Finke (FIN), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Northern Territory: N coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Helix (Discus) lomonti Brazier, J. 1876. Descriptions of thirty-five new species of land shells from New Guinea, Australia, and islands in the Torres Straits, collected during the Chevert Expedition. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 1: 98-113 [Date published July 1876] [101].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM C33466 2 specimens, Yule Is., New Guinea; AM C128184 1 specimen, Yule Is., New Guinea; AM(MMUS) A20 16 specimens, Yule Is., New Guinea; AM(MMUS) A56 7 specimens, Yule Is., New Guinea.

  Secondary source:

   Ponder, W.F. & Stanbury, P.J. 1972. Type specimens in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. VI. Mollusca. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 97(1): 42-55 [51].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

Extra Distribution Information

Melville Island

IBRA

NT: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Channel Country (CHC), Central Ranges (CR), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Finke (FIN), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Northern Territory: N coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Woodland.

General References

Tapparone-Canefri, C. 1883. Fauna malacologica delle Nuova Guinea e delle Isole adiacenti. Parte I. Molluschi estramarini. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 19: 1-313 [5 July 1883] (anatomy)

History of changes

• Hawaiia Gude, G.K. 1911. Note on some preoccupied molluscan generic names and proposed new genera of the family Zonitidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 9: 269-273 [30 Mar. 1911] [272].

  Type species:

   Helix hawaiensis Pfeiffer, 1855 by original designation.
• Macgillivrayella Preston, H.B. 1913. Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 12: 522-538 [1 Dec. 1913] [532] [non Macgillivrayella Ashmead, 1899].

  Type species:

   Macgillivrayella crystallina Preston, 1913 by original designation.
• Johannesoconcha Preston, H.B. 1913. Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 12: 522-538 [1 Dec. 1913] [533].

  Type species:

   Johannesoconcha multivolva Preston, 1913 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences Philadadelphia, Monograph 2(2): 521-1113 [418]
• Smith, B.J. 1992. Non-Marine Mollusca. In, Houston, W.W.K. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Non-marine Mollusca. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service Vol. 8 xii 408 pp. [320] (Johannesoconcha Preston, 1913, based on an examination of types)

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Native to North America. Introduced elsewhere. N & Central America, West Indies, Pacific Ils and Japan

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Lord Howe Island
  • New South Wales
  • Norfolk Island
  • Queensland

Distribution References

History of changes

• Helix minuscula Binney, A. 1840. A monograph of the Helices inhabiting the United States. Section II. Lip simple. Boston Journal of Natural History 3: 405-438 [435].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ANSP 74416, Ohio, USA.
  Paralectotype(s) ANSP 74416 1 specimen.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Richardson, L. 1980. Helicidae: Catalogue of species. Tryonia 3: 1-697 [261].

  Secondary source:

   Baker, H.B. 1930. Pseudohyaline American land snails. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 81: 251-266 [261].
• Helix (Patula) unwini Brazier, J. 1889. Mollusca. pp. 22-30 in Etheridge, R. The general zoology of Lord Howe Island. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 2: 1-42 [1 May 1889] [[pl. 4, figs 5 & 6]] [without description; name first introduced as a figure].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) AM C63684, Lord Howe Island.
• Macgillivrayella crystallina Preston, H.B. 1913. Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 12: 522-538 [1 Dec. 1913] [532].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1915.1.4.1334, Norfolk Is.
  Paratype(s) AM C37164 3 specimens.
• Johannesoconcha multivolva Preston, H.B. 1913. Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 12: 522-538 [1 Dec. 1913] [532].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1859.1.14.64, Norfolk Island.
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1856.10.27.63 1 specimen; AM C37165 1 specimen.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Peile, A.J. 1936. Helix minuscula Binney. Journal of Conchology 20(9): 281-282 [282]
• Smith, B.J. 1992. Non-Marine Mollusca. In, Houston, W.W.K. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Non-marine Mollusca. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service Vol. 8 xii 408 pp. [320] (based on original descriptions and an examination of types)

Generic Combinations

• Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840).

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Helix miniscula Binney, 1840 [misspelling].
• Hawaiia miniscula (Binney, 1840) [misspelling].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

ME NSW (including Lord Howe and Norfolk islands) to Rockhampton, islands of the Capricorn Group and inland to Taroom, SE Qld. Native to North America

Introduced from North America.

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14), Norfolk Island Province (21)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Lord Howe Island
  • New South Wales
  • Norfolk Island
  • Queensland

Ecological Descriptors

Gardens, litter-dwelling.

Extra Ecological Information

Nurseries, wherever exotic plants occur; living under pots and timber

General References

Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences Philadadelphia, Monograph 2(2): 521-1113 (anatomy)

History of changes

• Oxychilus Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. 1833. Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Erzherzogthume Oesterreich vorkommenden Weichthiere, als Prodrom einer Fauna desselben. Beiträge zur Landeskunde Oesterreich's unter der Enns. Wien Ver. Vaterl. Ges. Wein 3: 88-122 [100].

  Type species:

   Helix cellaria Müller, 1774 by subsequent designation, see Herrmannsen, A.N. 1847. Indicis Generum Malacozoorum Primordia. Cassellis : Theodoria Fischeri Vol. 2 717 pp. [183].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

SE Australia. Native to Europe. Most temperate regions, including Europe, N & S America, N Asia, Japan, New Zealand and South Africa

IBRA

ACT, NSW, SA, Tas, Vic: Ben Lomond (BEL), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP) ; ACT, NSW, Tas, Vic: Broken Hill Complex (BHC) ; NSW, SA, Tas, Vic: Esperance Plains (ESP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Riverina (RIV), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR)

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
  • Lord Howe Island
  • New South Wales
  • South Australia
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria

Distribution References

History of changes

• Helix alliaria Miller, J.S. 1822. A list of the freshwater and landshells occurring in the environs of Bristol, with observations. Annals of Philosophy ns 3: 376-381 [379].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown presumed lost, environs of Bristol, England.
• Oxychilus tasmanicus McLauchlan, C.F. 1954. Land shells originally introduced. The Australian Zoologist 12: 40 [40].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) AM C100775 3 specimens, Launceston, TAS.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Smith, B.J. 1992. Non-Marine Mollusca. In, Houston, W.W.K. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Non-marine Mollusca. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service Vol. 8 xii 408 pp. [320] (based on original descriptions and an examination of types)
• Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp. [109]

Generic Combinations

• Oxychilus alliarius (Miller, 1822). —
  Cotton, B.C. 1954. A catalogue of introduced snails and slugs in Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 11: 177-187 pl. 24 [183] (new combination)

Miscellaneous Literature Names

• Zonitoides nitidus Miiller, 1774 [misidentification, see Long (1972)]. —
  Musson, C.T. 1890. On the naturalised forms of land and fresh-water mollusca in Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 883-898 [894] (misidentification)
  Long, D.C. 1972. Zonitid snails (Gastropoda : Pulmonata) introduced into Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne 33: 115-120 [115]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Temperate southern Australia, as far north as Newcastle, ME NSW. Native to western Europe. Introduced to Greenland, North America, St Helena, South Africa, Juan Fernandez, Australia and New Zealand

Introduced from Europe.

IBRA

NSW, SA, Tas, Vic: Ben Lomond (BEL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders (FLI), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR)

IMCRA

Lord Howe Province (14)

Ecological Descriptors

Gardens, omnivore, under litter.

Extra Ecological Information

Nurseries, parks, wherever exotic plants and weeds grow and especially along weed-infested creeks; living under wood, litter, pots, etc, in cool damp places

General References

Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp. [109-111]

Laws, H.M. 1966. The cytology and anatomy of Oxychilus alliarius (Miller) (Mollusca : Zonitidae), a new introduction to South Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 15: 257-260 (cytology, anatomy)

History of changes

• Helix cellaria Müller, O.F. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, seu Animalium Infusorium, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non marinorum, Succincta Historia. Havniae & Lipsiae : Heineck & Faber Vol. 2 xxvi 214 pp. [28].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown presumed lost, wine cellars of Copenhagen.
• Helix sydneyensis Cox, J.C. 1864. Catalogue of Australian Land Shells. Sydney : John Alex Engel 44 pp. [37].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) AM(MMUS) IN6 2 specimens, Sydney, NSW.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Long, D.C. 1972. Zonitid snails (Gastropoda : Pulmonata) introduced into Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne 33: 115-120 [117]
• Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp. [111]

Generic Combinations

• Oxychilus cellarius (Müller, 1774).

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Southern Australia as far north as Port Macquarie, ME NSW. Native to western Europe. Introduced to Scandinavia, North America, South America, the Philippines, South Africa, St Helena, Australia and New Zealand

Introduced from Europe.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, SA, Tas, Vic: Ben Lomond (BEL), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gawler (GAW), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
  • New South Wales
  • South Australia
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Omnivore, under litter, urban.

Extra Ecological Information

Old suburbs, towns and inner city industrial and residential areas; living under litter and rubbish, wherever it is cool and damp

General References

Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp. [111-114]

Rigby, J.E. 1963. Alimentary and reproductive systems of Oxychilus cellarius (Müller) (Stylommatophora). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 141: 311-329 (anatomy)

History of changes

• Helicella draparnaldi Beck, H.H. 1837. Index Molluscorum Praesentis Aevi Musei Principis Augustissimi Christiani Frederici. Hafniae : Beck Vol. 1 pp. 1-100. [6] [nom. nov. for Helix nitida Draparnaud, 1805].
• Helix nitida Draparnaud, J.P.R. 1805. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France. Paris : L. Colas viii 164 pp. [117] [non Helix nitidus Müller, 1774].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NHMW Acq. No. 1820.xxvi.143 6 specimens, locality unknown.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences Philadadelphia, Monograph 2(2): 521-1113 [250]

Generic Combinations

• Oxychilus draparnaudi (Beck, 1837).

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Temperate SE Australia as far north as the ACT. Native to central and western Europe. Introduced to Russia, North America, South and North Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand

Introduced from Europe.

IBRA

ACT, NSW, Tas, Vic: Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
  • New South Wales
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Gardens, omnivore, under litter.

Extra Ecological Information

Old gardens; living under wood, litter, pots etc, wherever it is cool and damp

General References

Baker, H.B. 1929. Minute American Zonitidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 80: 1-44 (anatomy)

Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp. [114-116]

History of changes

• Vitrea Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. 1833. Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Erzherzogthume Oesterreich vorkommenden Weichthiere, als Prodrom einer Fauna desselben. Beiträge zur Landeskunde Oesterreich's unter der Enns. Wien Ver. Vaterl. Ges. Wein 3: 88-122 [99].

  Type species:

   Helix diaphana Studer, 1820 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Kennard, A.S. 1941. A list of the British non-marine Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 21: 260-275 [270].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

SE Australia. Native to Europe. Europe, N Asia, Japan, South Africa and New Zealand

IBRA

NSW, Vic: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH) ; Tas: Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria

Distribution References

History of changes

• Helix crystallina Müller, O.F. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, seu Animalium Infusorium, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non marinorum, Succincta Historia. Havniae & Lipsiae : Heineck & Faber Vol. 2 xxvi 214 pp. [23].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown presumed lost, locality unknown.

  Secondary source:

   Cotton, B.C. 1954. A catalogue of introduced snails and slugs in Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 11: 177-187 pl. 24 [183].

Distribution

States

Tasmania

Extra Distribution Information

South Tasmania; introduced to South africa, Australia and New Zealand.

Introduced from Europe.

IBRA

Tas: Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Tasmania

Ecological Descriptors

Omnivore.

General References

Barker, G.M. 1999. Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand, 38. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand : Manaaki Whenua Press 253 pp. [117-118]

History of changes

• Zonites crystallina contracta Westerlund, C.A. 1873. Fauna Molluscorum Terrestrium et Fluviatilium Sveciae, Norvegiae et Daniae. Stockholm : Adolf Bonnier Vol. 2 v 651 pp. [56].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown presumed lost, locality unknown.

  Secondary source:

   Long, D.C. 1972. Zonitid snails (Gastropoda : Pulmonata) introduced into Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne 33: 115-120 [116].

Generic Combinations

• Vitrea contracta (Westerlund, 1873).
• Vitrea pygmaea (Boettger, 1880).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Temperate southern Australia as far north as Coffs Harbour, NE NSW. Native to Europe

Introduced from Europe.

IBRA

NSW, Vic: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Victoria

Ecological Descriptors

Omnivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Urban gardens.

History of changes

• Johannesoconcha minuscula Preston, H.B. 1913. Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 12: 522-538 [1 Dec. 1913] [533].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown presumed lost, limestone quarry, Norfolk Island.
• Johannesoconcha pusillior Preston, H.B. 1913. Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8 12: 522-538 [1 Dec. 1913] [533].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown presumed lost, Norfolk Island.

History of changes