History of changes

• Phalacrocoracinae Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1849. Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Abt. II. Vögel, Band I. Avium systema naturale. Das natiirliche System der Vögel. Vorliiufer einer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel aller Welttheile. Dresden & Leipzig : Expeditionder vollstiindigsten Naturgeschichte pp.viii + 36 + xxxi pp. and 100 uncoloured plates. [Date published 1849-1850] [Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849-50 (1836) (Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760) conserved in preference to Halieinae Sundevall, 1836 (Halieus Illiger, 1811 = Phalacrocorax) and conditionally in preference to Carbonidae Brandt, 1849 (Carbo Lacepede, 1799 = Phalacrocorax) [Art. 40(b)]].

  Type genus:

   Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Carbonidae Brandt, J.F. 1839. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Naturgeschichte der Vögel mit besonterer Beziehung auf Skeletbau und vergleichende Zoologie. Mémoires de l'Académie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg Ser. 6. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. 58(2; Sci. Nat. 3): 91-237 + 18 plates [113] [nomen oblitum].

  Type genus:

   Carbo Lacépède, 1799.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Phalacrocoracinae Bonaparte, C.L. 1854. Conspectus systematis ornithologiae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 4 1(2): 105-152.

  Type genus:

   Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [249].
• Graculinae Jerdon, T.C. 1862. The birds of India; being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental India. Calcutta : Military Orphan Press Vol. 2(2) pp. 442-876, xxxii. [1862-1864] [860].

  Type genus:

   Graculus Koch, 1816 [a junior synonym of Phalacrocorax, Brisson, 1760. Not Graculinae G.R. Gray, 1841 (1831) [Gracula Linnaeus, 1758] (= Sturnidae)].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Leucocarboninae Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905 [890].

  Type genus:

   Leucocarbo Bonaparte, C.L., 1857 [a junior synonym of Phalacrocorax, Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].

Introduction

The Phalacrocoracidae is generally recognised as consisting of two groups, the cormorants and shags; shags have crested or tufted crowns. Cormorants are medium to large sized; generally having black plumage with a metallic sheen although Southern Hemisphere family members may be counter-shaded, having white underparts and throats or grey plumages. Currently 41 species are recognised within three genera although there is considerable uncertainty about their genetic and specific status. Five species occur In Australia: two of these are black and the other three pied black with white underparts. They inhabit salt and fresh water coastal areas, rivers and lakes in numbers ranging from singles to large numbers.

The sexes of all species are similar in external morphology and have bare facial skin that, along with their bill, lores, gular skin and eyes, may be colourful and become brighter in teh breeding season. Cormorants swim low in the water and dive from the surface, pursuing their prey by manipulation of the feet and wings. Owing to a lack of natural feather waterproofing, all phalacrocoracids are required to spend time perched with their wings and tail spread to dry. Flight between wetlands may be undertaken alone or may involve large numbers; groups usually fly at some height in a single extended line.

Each species has a long neck and their bills have a strongly hooked tip. Four Australian species (Phalacrocorax) have a long bill, while the fifth, Microcarbo melanoleucos, differs in having, relatively, a shorter bill. The feet are totipalmate, with webbing between all four toes. The legs are short, strong and placed well back on the body. All are piscivores, taking a variety of small fish, but their diet may also include crustaceans, amphibians and even water snakes. Before consummation the prey is brought to the surface. While many phalacrocoracids feed individually, they can often congregate in what appear to be organised communal flocks for fishing.

Cormorants are gregarious when breeding; small or large breeding colonies form using waterside trees, rocky islets, or cliff ledges. These are easily identified by the large deposits of guano deposited on the surrounding rocks and/or vegetation. Breeding has been described as ‘promiscuous, polygamous and polyandrous’ although they are principally monogamous; the birds pair temporarily during the breeding season. Little ceremony exists among these pairs. The nest is an untidy structure built using sticks or seaweed, and always associated with water; it is placed either on the ground (cliff ledges) or in trees. Egg clutches vary from two to six; these are elliptical and pale bluish green with a chalky encrustation. Adults share incubation and caring for the young which includes feeding them through regurgitation.

General References

Campbell, B. & Lack, E. (eds) 1985. A Dictionary of Birds. Calton : T. & A.D. Poyser xxx 670 pp.

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp.

Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547.

Kennedy, M., Gray, R.D. & Spencer, H.G. 2000. The phylogenetic relationships of the Shags and Cormorants: Can sequence data Resolve a disagreement between behavior and morphology? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17(3): 345–359

Orta, J. 1992. Family Phalacrocoracidae. pp. 326–353 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Bird of the World. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions Vol. 1 696 pp.

Orta, J. 1992. Family Phalacrocoracidae. In: (eds.): del Hoyo, Elliott, A. & Sargatai, J.. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1 (Ostrich to Ducks). pp 326–353 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Bird of the World. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions Vol. 1 696 pp.

Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905

History of changes

• Leucocarbo Bonaparte, C.L. 1857. Conspectus generum avium. Paris : E.J. Brill Vol. 2 232+23 pp. [published 1850-1857] [176].

  Type species:

   Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, R.P., 1837 by subsequent designation, see Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [331].

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [164, 174]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].
• Euleucocarbo Voisin, J.-F. 1973. Notes on the blue-eyed shags (Genus Leucocarbo Bonaparte). Notornis 20(3): 262-271 [268].

  Type species:

   Leucocarbo (Euleucocarbo) carunculatus Gmelin, 1789 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].
• Nesocarbo Voisin, J.-F. 1973. Notes on the blue-eyed shags (Genus Leucocarbo Bonaparte). Notornis 20(3): 262-271 [268].

  Type species:

   Leucocarbo (Nesocarbo) campbelli Filhol, 1878 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].
• Notocarbo Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905 [891].

  Type species:

   Notocarbo atriceps atriceps King, P.P., 1828 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Swan Coastal Plain (SWA)

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Two subspecies, each restricted to either Macquarie or Heard Islands.

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Details of nominate subspecies, not present in Australia

Phalacrocorax atriceps P.P. King, 1828
King (1828: 102).
Type data: Holotype BMNH 1855.12.19.354 Skin, Straits of Magellan.
Type locality references: Warren (1966: 23).

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Imperial Shag)

History of changes

• Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) atriceps nivalis Falla, R.A. 1937. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition.1929–1931... Report Series B. Adelaide : B.A.N.Z.A.R. Expedition Committee Vol. 2 284 pp. [226].

  Type data:

   Lectotype AIM LB.11857 Skin, Atlas Cove, Heard Island [53°01'S, 73°23'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AIM LB.11858 Skin, Atlas Cove, Heard Island [53°01'S, 73°23'E]; AIM LB.11859 Skin, Atlas Cove, Heard Island [53°01'S, 73°23'E].

  Type locality references:

  Gill, B.J. 1983. Type specimens of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in the Auckland Institute and Museum. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 20: 203–215 [211].

Distribution

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

History of changes

• Carbo purpurascens Brandt, J.F. 1837. Observations sur plusiers especes nouvelles du genre Carbo ou Phalacrocorax qui se trouvent dan le museum de l'Academie des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 3 16: 53-57 [56].
• Phalacrocorax traversi Rothschild. L.W. 1898. Untitled. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 8(58): xxi-xxii [xxi].

  Type data:

   Lectotype AMNH 730169 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AMNH 730169 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E]; AMNH 730170 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E]; AMNH 730171 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E]; AMNH 730172 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Hartert, E. 1925. Types of Birds in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 32(6): 259-276 [274]; Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [273].

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Halieus verrucosus Cabanis, J.L. 1875. Protokol der LXXV. Monats-Sitzung. No. 132. Journal für Ornithologie 23: 448-45 [Date published 1876: Pl. 1, fig. 1] [450].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), New Zealand.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Ship assisted records in WA and Heard Island

IBRA

WA: Swan Coastal Plain (SWA)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

Distribution References

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [105] (listed as a vagrant)

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Kerguelen Shag)

History of changes

• Microcarbo Bonaparte, C.L. 1856. Excursion dans les divers Musées d'Allemagne , de Hollande et de Belgique, et Tableaux paralléliques de l'ordre des Échassiers (suite). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 43: 571- 579 [577].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas, 1773 (originally spelled pygmeus) by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [228]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [47]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Haliëtor Heine, F. 1860. Catalogue of birds collected on the rivers Camma and Ogopbai, Western Africa, by Mr. P.B. du Chaillu in 1858, with notes and descriptions of new species by John Cassin. Journal für Ornithologie 8(3 (No. 45)): 186-203 [202].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas, 1773 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [143].
• Melanocarbo Bernstein, H.A. 1883. Dagboek van Dr. H.A. Bernstein's laatste reis van Ternate naar Nieaw-Guinea, Salawati en Batanta 17 October 1864 - 19 April 1885 edited by Mr. S.C.J.W. Van Musschenbroek met aanteekeningen, bijlagen en eene kaart. Tijdschrift Bijdragen tot de taal-land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie uit gegeven door het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-lan-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie [119] [a possible error for Microcarbo Bonaparte].
• Melanoleucos Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. [41] (Nomen nudum [error for Microcarbo Bernstein, 1883 = Microcarbo Bonaparte, 1856]).

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Frilled Shag, Little Black-and-white Cormorant, Little Black-and-white Shag, Little Cormorant, Shag)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Little Pied Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Little Pied Cormorant)

History of changes

• Hydrocorax melanoleucos Vieillot, L.P. 1817. Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, appliquée aux arts, principalement à l'Agriculture, à l'Écomomie rurale et domestique, à la Médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Nouvelle edition. Paris : Déterville Vol. 8. [88].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Australasiae = New South Wales.
• Carbo dimidiatus Lesson, R.P. 1831. Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux. Paris : F.G. Levrault Vol. 1 xxxii 659 pp., Vol. 2 (Atlas) xii pp.

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), New South Wales.
• Phalacrocorax flavirhynchus Gould, J. 1838. Descriptions of new species of Australian Birds. Principally in the author's collection, with characters of several new genera. In, A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands. London : J. Gould. Pt IV Appendix pp. 1-8 [published Apr. 1838, publication dated as 1837–1838] [8].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ANSP 5435 (VN 1397) Skin, New South Wales; ANSP 5437 (VN 1399) Skin, New South Wales; ANSP 5436 (VN 1398) Skin, New South Wales; LIVCM D.2878 Skin, New South Wales; LIVCM D.2884 Skin, New South Wales; LIVCM D.2884a Skin, New South Wales.

  Type locality references:

  Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [13].
• Graucalus flavirostris Gray, J.E. 1843. Additional radiated animals and annelides. pp. 177-295 in Dieffenbach, E. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Travels in New Zealand, with contributions to the geography, geology, botany and natural history of that country. London : John Murray Vol. 2. [201] [emendation of P. flavirhynchus Gould].
• Halieus leucomelas Gloger, C.W.L. 1857. Die 4te ind 5te europaeische Scharben-Art: Halieus Desmarestii und H. leucogaster. Journal für Ornithologie 5th year heft 1,(No. 25): 4-23 [14] [emendation of H. melanoleucos Vieillot].
• Carbo melanoleucos melvillensis Mathews, G.M. 1912. Additions and corrections to my Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Austral Avian Records 1: 73-80 [Date published 28 Jun 1912] [74].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 730226 Skin, Snake Bay, Melville Island, Northern Territory [11°24'S, 130°41'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [237].
• Phalacrocorax melanoleucus Stephens, J.F. 1826. In: General Zoology or Systematic Natural History, commenced by the late George Shaw, M.D.F.R.S. & C. Aves. London : J. & A. Arch etc Vol.XIII(1) 290 pp. [93].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Anacarbo Roberts, A. 1922. A review of the nomenclature of South African birds. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 8: 187-272 [205].

  Type species:

   Graculus neglectus Wahlberg, 1855 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

History of changes

• Hydrocorax fuscescens Vieillot, L.P. 1817. Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, appliquée aux arts, principalement à l'Agriculture, à l'Écomomie rurale et domestique, à la Médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Nouvelle edition. Paris : Déterville Vol. 8. [86].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown, Tasmania.

  Type locality references:

  Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [47].
• Phalacrocorax leucogaster Gould, J. 1838. Descriptions of new species of Australian Birds. Principally in the author's collection, with characters of several new genera. In, A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands. London : J. Gould. Pt IV Appendix pp. 1-8 [published Apr. 1838, publication dated as 1837–1838] [7] [not Hydrocorax leucogaster Vieillot, 1817].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ANSP 5403 (VN 1394) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania); ANSP 5404 (VN 1395) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania); ANSP 5405 (VN 1396) Skin, Port Lincoln, South Australia.

  Type locality references:

  Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [13].
• Hypoleucus gouldi Salvadori, T. 1882. Prodromus Ornitologiae Papuasiae et Mollucarium. Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. Genova : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Vol. 18 776 pp. [404] (New name for P. leucogaster Gould).
• Carbo gouldi tunneyi Mathews, G.M. 1912. Additions and corrections to my Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Austral Avian Records 1: 81-103 [Date published 18 Sep 1912] [88].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 730010 Skin, Peak Island, Western Australia [34 °13'S, 115 °10'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [236].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Breeds on rocky islands, seldom enters bays and estuaries

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Black-and-white Shag, Diver, White-breasted Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Black-faced Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Black-faced Cormorant)

History of changes

• Phalacrocorax Brisson, M.-J. 1760. Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la Division des oiseaux en Ordres, Sectiones, Genres, Espèces & leurs Variétés. Paris : J.-B. Bauche Vol. I xxiv 526 lxxiii pp. XXXVII pls. [60].

  Type species:

   Phalacrocorax carbo Brisson, 1760 (as Carbo; = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758) by Linnaean tautonymy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [224]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [163, 166]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Carbo Lacépède, B.G.É. 1799. Discours d'Ouverture et de Clôture du Cours d'Histoire Naturelle Donné dans le Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1'an VII de la République, et tableaux méthodiques des mammifères et des oiseaux. Paris : Plassan pp.94. [15].

  Type species:

   Carbo vulgaris Lacépède, B.G.É., 1799 (= Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758) by Linnaean tautonymy.

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Halieus Illiger, J.C.W. 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione Germanica. Berolini : Sumptibus C. Salfeld xvii 301 pp. [279] [new name for Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [224]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Carbonarius Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palermo (Italy) : Privately Published 224 pp. [Date published April to July] [72] [new name for Carbo Lacépède, 1799].

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46].
• Hydrocorax Vieillot, L.P. 1816. Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. Paris : Déterville 70 pp. [Date published 14 Apr 1816] [63].

  Type species:

   Graculus cormoran Linnaeus, C., 1766 (as Cormoran; = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758; not Hydrocorax Brisson, 1760) by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Steganopodes (Cormorants, Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans, Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alcae (Auks), and Impennes (Penguins). pp.329-657 in Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [331]; Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [224]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [163]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Haliaeus Schinz, H.R. 1825. Das Thierreich Eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier: Staatsgrath von Fransreich und Beständiger Secretär der Academie der Wissenschaften u.s.w. aus dem Französischen frey übersetzt und mit vielen Zusätzen versehen von H.R. Schinz. Volume 4. Zoophyten. Stuttgart and Tubingen : J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung xiii + 793 pp. [570] [unjustified emendation].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Cormoranus Baillon 1834. Catalogue des Mammifères, Oiseaux, Reptiles. Mémoires de la Société d'émulation d'Abbeville 2 1: 49-80 [76].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, C., 1758 by subsequent designation, see Mathews, G.M. 1913. A List of the Birds of Australia containing the names and synonyms connected with each genus, species, and subspecies of birds found in Australia, at present known to the author. London : Witherby xxvii 453 pp. [95].

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [163].
• Graucalus Gray, G.R. 1841. A List of the Genera of Birds, with their synonyms and an indication of the typical species of each genus. London : R. & J. Taylor xii 115 pp. [Date published Sep 1841] [101] (Not 1821 (error)) [not Cuvier, 1816].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, C., 1758 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Graculus Gray, G.R. 1845. The genera of birds: comprising Their Generic characters, notice of the habits of each Genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera. London : British Museum Trustees Vol. 3 pp.669. [667] (new name for Graucalus Gray, 1841) [introduced as correction of Graucalus Gray, 1841].

  Secondary source:

   Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Steganopodes (Cormorants, Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans, Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alcae (Auks), and Impennes (Penguins). pp.329-657 in Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [331]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Ecmeles Gistel, J. 1848. Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs für höhere schulen bearbeitet. Stuttgart xvi 216 pp., 32 pls. [ix] [new name for Hydrocorax Vieillot, 1816; not Hydrocorax Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [163]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Hypoleucus Reichenbach, L. 1850. Avium systema naturale das natürliche system der Vögel. Dresden & Leipzig : Expedition der vollstandigsten Naturgeschichte, 36 + xxxi pp. [vii].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus varius Gmelin, 1789 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Steganopodes (Cormorants, Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans, Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alcae (Auks), and Impennes (Penguins). pp.329-657 in Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [331]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Mesocarbo Mathews, G.M. & Iredale, T. 1913. A Reference List of the Birds of New Zealand. Part 2. Ibis 10 1(3): 402-452 [415].

  Type species:

   Carbo sulcirostris Brandt, J.F., 1837 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [225]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [47].
• Hypoleucos Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905 [885] [misspelling of Hypoleucus Reichenbach, 1853].

Excluded Taxa

Misidentifications

PHALACROCORACIDAE: Carbo ater Lesson, 1831

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Details of nominate subspecies, not present in Australia

Phalacrocorax (Phalacrocorax) carbo carbo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, 1758
Linnaeus (1758: 133).
Type data: Holotype Unknown (Unlocated), Sweden.

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Black Cormorant, Black Shag, Cormorant, Shag)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Great Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Great Cormorant)

History of changes

• Phalacrocorax novaehollandiae Stephens, J.F. 1826. In: General Zoology or Systematic Natural History, commenced by the late George Shaw, M.D.F.R.S. & C. Aves. London : J. & A. Arch etc Vol.XIII(1) 290 pp. [93].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown, New Holland = New South Wales.
• Phalacrocorax carboides Gould, J. 1838. Descriptions of new species of Australian Birds. Principally in the author's collection, with characters of several new genera. In, A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands. London : J. Gould. Pt IV Appendix pp. 1-8 [published Apr. 1838, publication dated as 1837–1838] [7].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANSP 5389 (VN 1400) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania).

  Type locality references:

  Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [13].
• Carbo carbo westralis Mathews, G.M. 1912. Additions and corrections to my Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Austral Avian Records 1(2): 25-52 [Date published 2 Apr 1912] [33].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729801 Skin, Swan River, Western Australia.

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [236].
• Phalacrocorax carbo gracemeri Mathews, G.M. 1915. The Birds of Australia. London : H.F. & G. Witherby Vol. 4 xii + 334 pp. [167].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729808 Skin, Gracemere, Queensland [23°26'S, 150°26'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [236].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Carbo sulcirostris Brandt, J.F. 1837. Observations sur plusiers especes nouvelles du genre Carbo ou Phalacrocorax qui se trouvent dan le museum de l'Academie des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 3 16: 53-57 [56].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, u (Unlocated), Terrae Australes [= New South Wales].
• Mesocarbo ater territori Mathews, G.M. 1915. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 4 pp. [176].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729681 Skin, Hermit Hill, Northern Territory [13°46'S, 130°29'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [235].
• Microcarbo stictocephalus Bonaparte, C.L. 1857. Conspectus generum avium. Paris : E.J. Brill Vol. 2 232+23 pp. [published 1850-1857] [178].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), New South Wales.
• Carbo squamatus Salvadori, T. 1882. Ornithologia della Papuasia e delle Molucche. Turino : T. Salvadori Vol. 3. [409] [ex von Pelzeln, 1873].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Cormorant, Little Black Shag, Shag)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Little Black Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Little Black Cormorant)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Details of nominate subspecies, not present in Australia

Pelecanus varius Gmelin, 1789
Gmelin (1789: 576).
Type data: Status unknown, Unknown, Queen Charlotte Sound, Cook Strait, New Zealand.
Type locality references: Condon (1975: 47).

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Black-and-white Shag, Diver, Shag, Yellow-faced Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Pied Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Pied Cormorant)

History of changes

• Carbo hypoleucos Brandt, J.F. 1837. Observations sur plusiers especes nouvelles du genre Carbo ou Phalacrocorax qui se trouvent dan le museum de l'Academie des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 3 16: 53-57 [col. 55].

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1912. A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171-455 [Date published 31 Jan 1912] [241]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [47]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [168].
• Carbo varius perthi Mathews, G.M. 1912. Additions and corrections to my Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Austral Avian Records 1: 81-103 [Date published 18 Sep 1912] [88].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729993 Skin, Perth, Western Australia [31°57'S, 115°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [236].
• Hypoleucus varius whitei Mathews, G.M. 1915. The Birds of Australia. London : H.F. & G. Witherby Vol. 4 xii + 334 pp. [187].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729991 Skin, Lake Albert, South Australia [35°37'S, 139°18'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [236].
• Phalacrocorax varius nitidus Serventy, D.L. 1940. A New Sub-species of Cormorant fro Western Australia. Emu 40: 87-89 [87] [original spelling].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM A.31538 Mounted skin, Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia [28°43'S, 113°47'E].

  Type locality references:

  Anonymous 1960. Type specimens in the Western Australian Museum. Western Australian Museum Annual Report 1959-60: 28-30 [28].

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Sulinae Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1849. Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Abt. II. Vögel, Band I. Avium systema naturale. Das natiirliche System der Vögel. Vorliiufer einer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel aller Welttheile. Dresden & Leipzig : Expeditionder vollstiindigsten Naturgeschichte pp.viii + 36 + xxxi pp. and 100 uncoloured plates. [Date published 1849-1850] [VI] [original spelling].

  Type genus:

   ? Sularius Rafinesque, C.S., 1815.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Halieidae Sundevall, C.J. 1836. Ornithologiskt system. For 1835. Kongliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 43-130 [invalid name; Carbonidae Brandt, 1840 and Halieidae Sundevall, 1836 have been replaced by Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849-50 (1836) which takes precedence from 1836. Carbo Lacépède, 1799 and Halieus Illiger, 1811 were synonymised with Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760 prior to 1961].

  Type genus:

   Halieus Illiger, 1811.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Sulinae Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1849. Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Abt. II. Vögel, Band I. Avium systema naturale. Das natiirliche System der Vögel. Vorliiufer einer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel aller Welttheile. Dresden & Leipzig : Expeditionder vollstiindigsten Naturgeschichte pp.viii + 36 + xxxi pp. and 100 uncoloured plates. [Date published 1849-1850] [VI].

  Type genus:

   Sula Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Sularinae Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1849. Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Abt. II. Vögel, Band I. Avium systema naturale. Das natiirliche System der Vögel. Vorliiufer einer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel aller Welttheile. Dresden & Leipzig : Expeditionder vollstiindigsten Naturgeschichte pp.viii + 36 + xxxi pp. and 100 uncoloured plates. [Date published 1849-1850] [VI].

  Type genus:

   Sula Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [257].
• Sulinae Bonaparte, C.L. 1853. Classification ornithologique par series. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 37(18): 641-647 [643].

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [257].

Introduction

Sulids are medium to large seabirds, the gannets and boobies, and are centred in tropical and subtropical waters although gannets are also found in temperate regions. There are ten species in three genera, six of which are Australian. Three genera are identifiable by morphological, behavioural and DNA sequence characters. They are not truly pelagic remaining coastal unless dispersing on migration or during post breeding. Australasian Gannets are migratory moving to and from New Zealand and Australia. Young birds may also disperse widely in an erratic movement. Boobies, however, are generally more sedentary.

Plumage is principally white with brown to black on the primaries and dorsal or head feathers; Sula leucogaster is counter-shaded, the upper body and neck are brown, the abdomen white. A gannet’s head has a yellowish hue and black lores. Juveniles are speckled and generally darker than adults. All have waterproofed plumage, and a well-developed preen gland. Sulids lack a brood patch but do have a gular sac. Female boobies, while of similar appearance to males, are larger.

The adult’s facial and gular skin is bare and that and the feet may be black, red or blue. Sulid eyes are situated slightly behind the bill, giving them wide binocular vision; the iris is often pale in colour. A sulid’s wings are long, narrow and pointed and set well back on their body; reduced flight muscles allow for plunge-diving when feeding. The tails are long and graduated. The bill is stout and conical, with serrated edges in some species; the palate is desmognathous and the nostrils have no exposed external nares — these close when the birds dive. This bill is conspicuously coloured and pointed; the upper mandible curves down slightly at the tip and can move upwards for larger prey. All have short, stout legs set far back on the body, and totipalmate webbing with a pectinate central toenail. In some species the webbing is brightly coloured and features during courtship.

Sulids are marine feeders, taking fish and similar-sized marine invertebrates; many feed communally and are capable of taking flying fish when they leave the water. Using binocular vision sulids are capable of flying higher than most seabirds to locate prey. Their flight involves a regular patrol of a selected area; on sighting prey they plunge-dive, moving their wings in an almost straight body alignment which gives them a streamlined appearance. This allows them to dive to ten metres below the surface followed by swimming that may take them a further 15 metres.

Vocalisations in boobies include different calls from each of the sexes. Males produce plaintive whistles and females trumpeting honks. Gannets, both male and female, give a variety of loud and raucous calls. Sulids exhibit several behavioural synapomorphies: before flight gannets point the bill upwards while boobies point theirs forward and when landing they point the bill downwards.

Sulids are highly colonial, giving complex displays particularly during pairing and nesting and then later in nest defence. Breeding is conducted on offshore islands and along continental coastlines. Included among their highly structured displays are headshaking, bill menacing, sky pointing, and greeting ceremonies. Boobies utilise their use colourful feet and wings during displays on the ground and in the air. They continually select the same nest site. Breeding can be annual or biennial depending on species and food availability. Males inspect the nesting colony from the air and then protect it by displays and fight. They attract the female using displays and calls. Nests may be located on cliff ledges, slopes, trees, or on the ground; ground nests are shallow depressions in accumulations of guano whereas tree nests are constructed of twigs. Most breed in small to large, dense colonies, often sharing the area with other marine avifauna. Both adults incubate using their feet like a brood patch. The feet are vascularised and the birds hold the eggs under their webs; incubation lasts 41-55 days.

An average clutch size is two (or up to four) for boobies whereas gannets lay one egg. The eggs are oval with a base colour of white, pale blue, green or pink, and all unmarked apart from nest staining and having a limey coating. On hatching, the nidicolous, naked young are brooded on webs of the parents' toes and young quickly acquire white down; chicks are altricial and remain, often unattended, in the nest a further 14-22 days. Usually only one reaches maturity due to frequent siblicide by the stronger of two chicks.

The Tasman Booby, Sula tasmani van Tets, Meredith, Fullagar & Davidson, 1988, is extinct and is known only from fossil remains. It was assigned the CAVS no. 0743.

Excluded Taxa

Vagrant Species

CAVS:0825
SULIDAE: Morus capensis (Lichtenstein, 1823) [Cape Gannet; vagrant to southern Victoria — South East Coastal Plain (SCP), Warren (WAR)] — Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp.; Simpson, K. & Day, N. 2004. Birds of Australia. Camberwell, Victoria : Penguin Group (Australia) Edn 7, pp. 382. [48]; Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [102]

General References

Campbell, B. & Lack, E. (eds) 1985. A Dictionary of Birds. Calton : T. & A.D. Poyser xxx 670 pp.

Carboneras, C. 1992. Family Sulidae. pp. 312–321 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Bird of the World. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions Vol. 1 696 pp.

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp.

Cracraft, J. 1985. Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the Pelecaniformes: a numerical cladistic analysis. Auk 102: 834-853

Friesen, V.L. & Anderson, D.J. 1997. Phylogeny and evolution of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes): a test of alternative modes of speciation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7: 252-260

Nelson, J.B. 1978. The Sulidae Gannets and Boobies. Oxford : Oxford University Press pp.

Nelson, J. Bryan 2003. Gannets and Boobies. pp. 82–87 in Perrins, C. The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Oxford : Firefly Books pp.

Olson, S.L. & Warheit, K.I. 1988. A new genus for Sula abbottii. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 108: 9-12

Patterson, S.A., Morris-Pocock, J.A. & Friesen, V.L. 2011. A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58(2): 181–91

Peters, J.L. 1931. Check-list of the Birds of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press Vol. 1 xviii +345 pp.

Sibley, C.G. & Ahlquist, J.E. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. A Study in Molecular Evolution. New Haven : Yale University Press xxiii 976 pp.

Van Tets, G.F., Meredith, C.E., Fullagar, P.J. & Davidson, P.M. 1988. Osteological differences between Sula and Morus, and a description of an extinct new species of Sula from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, Tasman Sea. Notornis 35: 35-57

History of changes

• Morus Vieillot, L.P. 1816. Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. Paris : Déterville 70 pp. [Date published 14 Apr 1816] [63].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus, C., 1766 (as 'Fon de Bassan'. Not Morum Bolton, 1798) by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [44]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [181, 183]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [139].
• Moris Leach, W.E. 1816. Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous Mammals and Birds that are preserved in the British Museum. London : British Museum 42 pp. [35] [misspelling of Morus Vieillot, 1816].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [139].
• Sulita Mathews, G.M. 1915. The admission of colour-genera. The Emu 15(2): 118-130 [Date published 1 Oct 1915] [123] [unnecessary nomen novum for Morus Vieillot, 1816].

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [139].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Norfolk Island Province (21), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), West Tasmania Transition (9)

History of changes

• Sula serrator Gray, J.E. 1843. Additional radiated animals and annelides. pp. 177-295 in Dieffenbach, E. (ed). Fauna of New Zealand. Travels in New Zealand, with contributions to the geography, geology, botany and natural history of that country. London : John Murray Vol. 2. [200] [new name for Sula australis Gould, 1840, preoccupied by Sula australis Stephens].
• Sula australis Gould, J. 1841. In Proceedings of meeting of Zoological Society of London, Dec. 8, 1840. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1840: 168-178 [Date published Jul 1841: publication dated 1840] [177].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ANSP 5330 (VN 1351) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania); ANSP 5331 (VN 1352) Skin, Van Diemans Land (Tasmania).

  Type locality references:

  Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [12].
• Sula serrator dyotti Mathews, G.M. 1913. List of additions of new sub-species to and changes in, my "List of the birds of Australia". Austral Avian Records 3(3): 53-68 [63].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729150 Skin, Tasmania.

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [235].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Mostly coastal waters, out to continental shelf, breeding mostly on offshore islands

IMCRA

Tasmania Province (10), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Norfolk Island Province (21), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), West Tasmania Transition (9)

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [9] (Australian Gannet, Booby, Diver, Solan Goose, Takupu)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Australasian Gannet)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Australasian Gannet)

History of changes

• Sula plumigula von Pelzeln, A. 1873. On the birds in the Imperial Collection at Vienna obtained from the Leverian Museum. Ibis 3 3: 14-54 [52].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMW 255 Skin (ex Leverianum Museum), New Holland = Australia.

  Type locality references:

  Von Pelzeln, A. 1873. On the birds in the Imperial Collection at Vienna obtained from the Leverian Museum. Part II. Ibis 3 3: 105-124 [52].

History of changes

• Papasula Olson, S.L. & Warheit, K.I. 1988. A new genus for Sula abbotti. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 108(1): 9-12 [10].

  Type species:

   Sula abbotti Ridgway, R., 1893 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Dampierland (DL)

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Sula abbotti Ridgway, R. 1893. Descriptions of some new birds collected on the islands of Aldabra and Assumption, northwest of Madagascar, by W.L. Abbott. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 16: 597-600 [599].

  Type data:

   Holotype USNM 128761 Skin, Assumption Island, Aldabra Islands [9°47'S, 46°31'E].

  Type locality references:

  Deignan, H.G. 1961. Type Specimens of Birds in the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 221: 1-718 [18].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Entire population breeds on Christmas Island, foraging within 500 km but occasionally further, only mainland records from NW Australia

IBRA

WA: Dampierland (DL)

IMCRA

Timor Province (2), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Abbott's Booby)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Abbott's Booby)

History of changes

• Sula Brisson, M.-J. 1760. Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la Division des oiseaux en Ordres, Sectiones, Genres, Espèces & leurs Variétés. Paris : J.-B. Bauche Vol. I xxiv 526 lxxiii pp. XXXVII pls. [60, 6: 494].

  Type species:

   Sula leucogaster Boddaert, 1783 (as 'Sula') by Linnaean tautonymy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [230]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [44]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [181]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [140].
• Dysporus Illiger, J.C.W. 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione Germanica. Berolini : Sumptibus C. Salfeld xvii 301 pp. [279].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus, C., 1766 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [423]; Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [230]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [140].
• Sularius Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palermo (Italy) : Privately Published 224 pp. [Date published April to July] [72].

  Type species:

   Sula sula Linnaeus, C., 1766 by subsequent designation, see Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [423].

  Secondary source:

   Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [423].
• Disporus Boie, J.F. 1826. Generalüebersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen. Isis von Oken, Jena 19(10): 969-982 [Date published Oct 1826] [980] [new name for Dysporus Illiger, 1811].
• Disporus Agassiz, J.L.R. 1846. Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum. Soloduri : Sumtibus et typis Jent et Gassmann. 1-1135 pp. [127] [emendation of Dysporus Illiger, 1811].

  Secondary source:

   Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Steganopodes (Cormorants, Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans, Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alcae (Auks), and Impennes (Penguins). pp.329-657 in Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [423].
• Piscatrix Reichenbach, L. 1852. Avium Systema Naturale. Das Natürliche System der Vögel mit hundert Tafeln grössentheils Original-Abbildungen der bis jetzt entdeckten fast zwölfhundert typischen Formen. Leipzig : F. Hofmeister viii, 1-36, i-xxxi pp.; 100 pls. [Date published 1853] [vi].

  Type species:

   Piscatrix candida Reichenbach, H.G.L., 1853 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [433]; Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [230]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [44].
• Abeltera Heine, F. & Reichenow, A. 1890. Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici. Verzeichniss der Vogel-Sammlung des Königlichen Oberamtmanns Ferdinand Heine. Berlin : R. Friedländer pp. vi + 373. [351] [new name for Sula Reichenbach, 1853; not Abelterus Heine & Reichenow, 1890, p. 227].

  Type species:

   Sula sula Linnaeus, C., 1766 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [230].
• Hemisula Mathews, G.M. 1913. New generic names, with some notes on others. Austral Avian Records 2(2-3): 55-62 [Date published 23 Oct 1913] [55].

  Type species:

   Sula leucogaster rogersi Mathews, G.M., 1913 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [230]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [44]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [140].
• Parasula Mathews, G.M. 1913. New generic names, with some notes on others. Austral Avian Records 2(2-3): 55-62 [Date published 23 Oct 1913] [55].

  Type species:

   Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews, G.M., 1913 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [231]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [44]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [140].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW North Coast (NNC)

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Norfolk Island Province (21), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Cocos (Keeling) Islands terrestrial & freshwater, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Lord Howe Island terrestrial & freshwater, Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands, Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

History of changes

• Sula dactylatra Lesson, R.P. in Duperrey, L.I. 1829. Voyage autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi, Sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Paris : Arthus Bertrand Vol. T. I(I, II) iv 743 pp., 50 pls. [Date published Feb. 28, 1829: appeared on Feb. 28, 1829, publication dated as 1826] [494].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), Ascention Island, South Atlantic Ocean.
• Sula dactylatra Lesson, R.P. 1831. Traite d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique. Paris : F.G. Levrault Vol. 2 pp 659. [601].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IBRA

NSW North Coast (NNC)

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Norfolk Island Province (21), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory, Lord Howe Island terrestrial & freshwater, Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater, Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Blue-faced Booby, Gahnet, Masked Gannet, White Booby)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Masked Booby)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Masked Booby)

History of changes

History of changes

• Sula personata Gould, J. 1846. Descriptions of eleven new species of Australian birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1846: 18-21 [Date published July 1911: published May] [21].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ANSP 5300 (VN 1353) Skin, Raine Island, Queensland [11°35'S, 144°02'E].
  Paralectotype(s) ANSP 5301 (VN 1354) Skin, Raine Island, Queensland [11°35'S, 144°02'E].

  Type locality references:

  Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1957. On some avian types, principally Gould's, in the collection of the Academy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 109: 123-246 [135]; Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [12].
• Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews, G.M. 1913. Additions and corrections to my Reference List, Addenda. Austral Avian Records 1(8): 187-194 [Date published Jan.] [189].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729242 Skin, Bedout Island, Western Australia [19°34'S, 119°03'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [235].

History of changes

• Sula tasmani Van Tets, G.F., Meredith, C.E., Fullagar, P.J. & Davidson, P.M. 1988. Osteological differences between Sula and Morus, and a description of an extinct new species of Sula from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, Tasman Sea. Notornis 35: 35-57 [45].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANWC BS.3322 Skeleton, Sand dunes near Kingston, Norfolk Island [29°03'S, 167°57'E].
  Paratype(s) ANWC BS.3318 Skeleton, Sand dunes near Kingston, Norfolk Island [29°03'S, 167°57'E]; ANWC BS.3326 Skeleton, Sand dunes near Kingston, Norfolk Island [29°03'S, 167°57'E].
• Sula dactylatra fullagari O'Brien, R.M. & Davies, J. 1990. A new subspecies of Masked Booby Sula dactylatra from Lord Howe, Norfolk and Kermadec Islands. Marine Ornithology 18: 1-7 [2].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANWC B.13321 Skin, Mutton Bird Point, Lord Howe Island [31°33'S, 159°06'E].
  Paratype(s) AM O.1527 Skin, Admiralty Island, Lord Howe Island [31°30'S, 159°04"E]; AM O.1529 Skin, Admiralty Island, Lord Howe Island [31°30'S, 159°04"E]; AM O.1530 Skin, Admiralty Island, Lord Howe Island [31°30'S, 159°04"E]; AM O.27217 Skin, Admiralty Island, Lord Howe Island [31°30'S, 159°04"E]; NMNZ OR.1098 Skin, Curtis Island, Kermadec Group; NMNZ OR.12710 Skin, Raoul Island, Kermadec Group; NMNZ OR.15955 Skin, Macauley Island, Kermadec Group; NMNZ OR.15956 Skin, Macauley Island, Kermadec Group.

  Type locality references:

  Tennyson, A.J.D. & Bartle, J.A. 2008. Catalogue of type specimens of birds in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Tuhinga, Te Papa Museum of New Zealand 19: 185–207 [194-195].

Introduction

Following Christidis and Boles (2008: 101), tasmani is merged as a synonym under dactylatra, becoming the senior name in subspecies with fullagari. The CAVS number originally assigned is used for the subspecies.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Norfolk Island Province (21), Northern Shelf Province (25), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory, Lord Howe Island terrestrial & freshwater, Norfolk Island terrestrial & freshwater, Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [101]

History of changes

• Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert, P. 1783. Table des Planches Enluminéez d'Histoire Naturelle, de M. d'Aubenton. Avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precédé d'une Notice des Principaux Ouvrages Zoologiques enluminées. Utrecht : Boddaert xv 58 + 9 pp. [published Dec. 1783 International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Third edition adopted by the XX General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences. London : International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature xx 338 pp. [Art. 3]].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Northwest Transition (3), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Cocos (Keeling) Islands terrestrial & freshwater, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands, Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Booby, Brown Gannet)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Brown Booby)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Brown Booby)

History of changes

• Pelecanus plotus Forster, J.R. 1844. Descriptiones Animalium in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772–74 suspecto observatorum edidit H. Lichtenstein. Berlin : Dümmler xiii 424 pp. [278].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown, Near New Caledonia.

  Type locality references:

  Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [45].
• Sula leucogaster rogersi Mathews, G.M. 1913. Additions and corrections to my Reference List, Addenda. Austral Avian Records 1(8): 187-194 [Date published Jan.] [189].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 729450 Skin, Bedout Island, Western Australia [19°34'S, 119°03'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [235].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Cocos (Keeling) Islands terrestrial & freshwater, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands, Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

History of changes

• Pelecanus sula Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae [=Stockholm] : Laurentii Salvii, Tomus I. Regnum Animale(1) Editio duodecima, reformata [3 vols., 1766-68], 532 pp. [218].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown, in Pelago indico = Ascension Island.
• Sula fusca Brisson, M.J. 1760. Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque Varietates. Paris : Bauche JB. Vol. 6 pp.543+lxv. [499] (Immature).
• Sula candida Brisson, M.J. 1760. Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque Varietates. Paris : Bauche JB. Vol. 6 pp.543+lxv. [501] [Adult].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Norfolk Island Province (21), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Transition (3), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Cocos (Keeling) Islands terrestrial & freshwater, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Red-footed Gannet, Red-legged Gannet)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Red-footed Booby)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Red-footed Booby)

History of changes

• Sula rubripes Gould, J. 1838. A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands. London : J. Gould Part 4. [Append. 7].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Selection of Raine Island as type locality follows Mathews (1915)), New South Wales = Raine Island, Queensland [11°35'S, 144°02'E].

  Type locality references:

  Mathews, G.M. 1915. The Birds of Australia. London : Witherby & Co. Vol. 4 pp.; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [44].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Tropical seas in Indo-west Pacific, largely absent from shallow waters off northern Australia, breeds on offshore islands

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Lord Howe Province (14), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Norfolk Island Province (21), Cocos (Keeling) Island Province (22), Christmas Island Province (23), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Transition (3), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Other Regions

Christmas Island terrestrial & freshwater, Cocos (Keeling) Islands terrestrial & freshwater, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Territory of Ashmore & Cartier Islands

History of changes

• Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, C. 1758. Cancer. pp. 625-634 in Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundem classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Vol. 1 10 Edn., 824 pp. [217].

History of changes

• Anhingidae Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1849. Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Abt. II. Vögel, Band I. Avium systema naturale. Das natiirliche System der Vögel. Vorliiufer einer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel aller Welttheile. Dresden & Leipzig : Expeditionder vollstiindigsten Naturgeschichte pp.viii + 36 + xxxi pp. and 100 uncoloured plates. [Date published 1849-1850] [original spelling; Anhingidae Reichenbach, 1849 (1815) (Anhinga Brisson, 1760) conserved in preference to Plotinae Rafinesque, 1815 (Plotus Linnaeus, 1766 = Anhinga) [Art. 40(b)].

  Type genus:

   Anhinga Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Plottidia Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palermo (Italy) : Privately Published 224 pp. [Date published April to July] [72].

  Type genus:

   Plotus Linnaeus, 1766 [a junior synonym of Anhinga Brisson, 1760 prior to 1961. Originally placed within an expanded Phalacrocoracidae].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Plotinae Bonaparte, C.L. 1831. Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli animali vertebrati. Giornale Arcadico di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 49: 3-77.

  Type genus:

   Plotus Linnaeus, 1766 [a junior synonym of Anhinga, Brisson 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [256].
• Anhingas Lesson, R.P. 1831. Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux. livr. 8. Paris : F.G. Levrault Vol. I xxxii + 659 pp. [598].

  Type genus:

   Anhinga Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [153].
• Anhingidae Ridgway, R. 1887. A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Co. pp.xi+631. [73] [replacement name].

  Type genus:

   Anhinga Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [256].
• Ptynginae Poche, F. 1904. Ein bisher nicht berücksichttigtes zoologisches Werk aus dem Jahre 1758, in dem die Grundsätze der binären Nomenklatur befolgt sind. Zoologischer Anzeiger 27: 495-510 [496] [Ptynginae Poche, 1904 is not available because it is based on Ptynx Möhring, 1752 which is unavailable as a pre-Linnaean name. Ptynx Mohring, 1752, being pre-Linnaean, does not predate Ptynx Blyth, 1840 = Strix Linnaeus, 1758].

  Type genus:

   Ptynx Möhring, 1752.

Introduction

Darters and anhingas are a group of four closely related living species. They are mainly tropical waterbirds inhabiting both fresh and brackish water of rivers, lakes, lagoons and swamps. All species have sexually dimorphic plumage; males are all black while females are principally paler bicoloured (black or dark brown with grey or white on the neck and underparts); the female is slightly larger. The scapulars and upper wing coverts of both have grey stippling. The plumage is not fully waterproof and they spend considerable time perched on limbs or logs with their wings spread and drying. Flight is often spent soaring in thermals and then, with apparently little wing movement, they move between wetlands.

All have a long and thin neck; this has a snake-like appearance as the eighth vertebra has a hinged arrangement particularly for darting lunges at prey. They swim with their bodies mostly or fully submerged with only their upper neck and head above water. To aid underwater swimming the tail feathers have a rippled arrangement. Like other members of their order anhingids have four toes which are totipalmate and these are associated with very short legs set well back on their body. During the year the iris alternates in colour from yellow, red or brown according to season.

Darters are piscivores, submerging and swimming swiftly underwater to stalk fish that are captured using a spearing action, assisted by the hinged neck vertebrae, to impale the prey. Vocalisations consist principally of a loud cackling cry lasting several seconds. They also produce clicking notes when flying or perching, and croaks, grunts or rattles at the nest.

Pairs mate through a temporary arrangement and during this bonding they twist together using their elongate necks. Displays also involve rapid bowing movements and wing waving. During the breeding season the bare skin colours change: the small gular sac changes from pink or yellow to black, and the facial skin from yellow or yellow-green to turquoise. Anhingid nests are organised in small dispersed colonies. These nests are constructed as flat stick platforms with shallow cups, and are built in trees overhanging water. Egg clutches range from three to six and are short-oval or oval and of a chalky white appearance; they become stained brownish from vegetation and faecal material. Both adults participate in incubation and care of the young, which are fed by regurgitation. The young are altricial but quickly assume a white or tan downy plumage.

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp.

History of changes

• Anhinga Brisson, M.-J. 1760. Ornithologie ou méthode contenant la Division des oiseaux en Ordres, Sectiones, Genres, Espèces & leurs Variétés. Paris : J.-B. Bauche Vol. I xxiv 526 lxxiii pp. XXXVII pls. [60, 6: 476].

  Type species:

   Anhinga anhinga Brisson, M.-J, 1760 (as Anhinga; = Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, 1766) by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [229]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [45]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [179]; Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. 2010. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [153].
• Notoplotus Mathews, G.M. 1920. The Birds of Australia. Supplement No. 1. Check List of the Birds of Australia Part 1. Orders Casuariiformes to Menuriformes. London : Witherby & Co. pp.iv + 1-116. [62].

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [229]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [45]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [179].
• Plotus Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae [=Stockholm] : Laurentii Salvii, Tomus I. Regnum Animale(1) Editio duodecima, reformata [3 vols., 1766-68], 532 pp. [218] [not Plotus Gunnerus, 1761].

  Type species:

   Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, C., 1766 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [229].

Introduction

After Peters (1931) recorded four species in the genus Anhinga, many subsequent authors only recognised two, A. anhinga from Central & South America, and A. melanogaster for specimens from Africa across southern Asia to Australia. However, Schodde et al. (2012) established that four species in the genus were valid, removing A. novaehollandiae and A. rufa from synonymy or treatment as subspecies of A. melanogaster (see also Christidis & Boles 2008). Schodde et al.(2012) also found evidence of differentiation within A. novaehollandiae and A. rufa great enough to recognise subspecies within each taxon. We follow the classification of Schodde et al. (2012) with A. novaehollandiae novaehollandiae recorded from Australia, and A. novaehollandiae papua from New Guinea and satellite islands.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [102] (accept only a single species, thus raising A. novaehollandiae)

Peters, J.L. 1931. Check-list of the Birds of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press Vol. 1 xviii +345 pp. [94]

Schodde, R., Kirwan, G.M. & Porter, R. 2012. Morphological differentiation and speciation among darters (Anhinga). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 132(4): 283-294

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [102] (recognise only a single species in Australia, elevating novaehollandiae to full species)

Schodde, R., Kirwan, G.M. & Porter, R. 2012. Morphological differentiation and speciation among darters (Anhinga). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 132(4): 283-294

History of changes

• Plotus novaehollandiae Gould, J. 1847. On eight species of Australian birds; and on Anthus minimus Vig. and Hors., as the type of a new genus Chthonicola Gould. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1847: 31-35 [published Apr.] [34].

  Type data:

   Lectotype ANSP 5241 (VN 1388) Skin, New South Wales.
  Paralectotype(s) ANSP 5243 (VN 1390) Skin, New South Wales; ANSP 5242 (VN 1389) Skin, New South Wales; LIVCM D.5622 Skin, New South Wales.

  Type locality references:

  Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1957. On some avian types, principally Gould's, in the collection of the Academy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 109: 123-246 [136]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Ingersoll, A.W. & Fisher, C.T. 2006. Type specimens of birds in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Draft. pp. 1-355 [14].
• Plotus novaehollandiae derbyi Mathews, G.M. 1912. Additions and corrections to my Reference List to the Birds of Australia. Austral Avian Records 1: 73-80 [Date published 28 Jun 1912] [74].

  Type data:

   Holotype AMNH 730434 Skin, Derby, King Sound, Western Australia [17°19'S, 123°38'E].

  Type locality references:

  Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [238].

Generic Combinations

• Anhinga novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847). —
  Mathews, G.M. 1920. The Birds of Australia. Supplement No. 1. Check List of the Birds of Australia Part 1. Orders Casuariiformes to Menuriformes. London : Witherby & Co. pp.iv + 1-116. [62]
• Anhinga novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847). —
  Schodde, R., Kirwan, G.M. & Porter, R. 2012. Morphological differentiation and speciation among darters (Anhinga). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 132(4): 283-294 [293]

Introduction

See Introduction to genus for information on recognition of species and subspecies.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Primarily western and northern WA, northern NT, throughout QLD & NSW, and VIC excluding the far east, irregularly sighted in other areas

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Distribution References

General References

Schodde, R., Kirwan, G.M. & Porter, R. 2012. Morphological differentiation and speciation among darters (Anhinga). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 132(4): 283-294 [293]

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Diver, Needle-beak Shag, Shag, Snake-bird)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [102] (Australasian Darter)

Fraser, I. & Gray, J. 2019. Australian bird names origins and meanings. Clayton South, VIC : CSIRO Publishing 2nd, pp.i-viii, 1-347. [110] (Australasian Darter)

Menkhorst, P., Rogers, D., Clarke, R., Davies, J., Marsack, P. & Franklin, K. 2019. The Australian Bird Guide. Clayton South, VIC : CSIRO Publishing 2nd, pp. 576. [92] (Australasian Darter)

Simpson, K. & Day, N. 2004. Birds of Australia. Camberwell, Victoria : Penguin Group (Australia) Edn 7, pp. 382. [54] (Darter)

History of changes