History of changes

Introduction

The family Leiosalpingidae was introduced by d'Hondt & Gordon (1996) to include the genus Leiosalpinx Hayward & Cook (1979) and a new genus from New Caledonia, Astoleiosalpinx. The type species of Leiosalpinx was originally described as Alysidium inornata by Goldstein (1882) from Marion Island, and later recorded from Heard Island by Busk (1884) in the Challenger Report. Hayward & Cook (1979) redescribed L. inornatum from 1000-1200m off southeastern South Africa. Colonies are very delicate and. erect, with slender, uniserial autozooids. The reproduction is unknown, but a related species, L. australis (Busk) has been found from New Caledonia, and also occurs from Indonesia and New Zealand (d'Hondt & Gordon 1996). This species broods one to two embryos in a membranous ovisac attached to the frontal membrane near the opercular opening. The ancestrula is erect, and, like that of Scruparia, has a rhizoid and frontally budded zooid (Gordon 1986). Colonies have also been found entangled with other erect bryozoans (Hayward & Cook 1979).

Diagnosis

Colonies erect, uniserial, very weakly calcified, attached by rhizoids. Zooids subconical, with an elliptical opesia and frontal membrane. No ovicells, spines, or avicularia.

General References

Busk, G. 1884. Polyzoa. Pt. I. Cheilostomata. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 10: xiv, 216

D'Hondt, Jean-Loup, & Gordon, Dennis P. 1996. Bryozoa: Cténostomes et Cheilostomes (Cellularines, Scrupariines et Malacostéges) des campagnes MUSORSTOM autour de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. (Résultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vol. 15). Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris [1936-1950] 168: 55-123

Goldstein, J.R.Y. 1882. Some new species of Bryozoa from the Marion Islands, with notes on Bicellaria grandis. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 18: 39-46

Gordon, D.P. 1986. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Ctenostomata and Cheilostomata Anasca) from the western south Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 95: 1-121

Hayward, P.J. & Cook, P.L. 1979. The South African Museum's Meiring Naude Cruises. Part 9, Bryozoa. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 1-161

History of changes

• Leiosalpinx Hayward, P.J. & Cook, P.L. 1979. The South African Museum's Meiring Naude Cruises. Part 9, Bryozoa. Annals of the South African Museum 91: 1-161.

  Type species:

   Alysidium inornata Goldstein, 1882 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• South Africa

Antarctic Region

History of changes

• Alysidium inornata Goldstein, J.R.Y. 1882. Some new species of Bryozoa from the Marion Islands, with notes on Bicellaria grandis. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 18: 39-46 [42].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMV F45059 1 slide, Marion Island.
• Catenaria attenuata Busk, G. 1884. Polyzoa. Pt. I. Cheilostomata. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 10: xiv, 216 [14].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hastings, A.B. 1943. Polyzoa (Bryozoa) I. Scrupocellariidae, Epistomiidae, Farciminariidae, Bicellariellidae, Aeteidae, Scrupariidae. Discovery Reports 22: 301-510 [476]

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

• South Africa

Antarctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

Notes

Marion Island

History of changes

Introduction

The family Scrupariidae includes the genus Scruparia Oken, the name of which has been reinstated by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Scruparia is characterised by its creeping habit, with stolon-like elongated zooids or kenozooids growing over the substratum, giving rise to short, uniserial erect chains of autozooids. The zooids are all slender, horn-shaped, with a long tubular gymnocyst and oval opesia. Ten to twelve tentacles have been reported, and a short setigerous collar is present (Banta et al. 1995). Brooding zooids are budded frontally, from the gymnocyst proximal to the opesia of an autozooid. They have a globular, bivalved ovicell distally which may contain as many as 7 embryos at one time. The modified type of coronate larva closely resembles that of the ctenostome, Flustrellidra , but has no valves (Zimmer & Woollacott 1977). The ancestrulae of both S. chelata and S. ambigua have been described by Hastings (1941). The ancestrula of S. ambigua becomes attached to the substratum by an encrusting distal and frontal buds; that of S. chelata produces a distal anchoring rhizoid, as well as frontal and proximal zooid bud.

S. ambigua is known to have a very wide distribution, including New Zealand and Australia (Bock 1982; Gordon & Mawatari, 1992), and was mentioned as occurring from the Patagonian shelf and Falkland Islands by Hayward (1995). Most records of S. chelata are from Europe and the Mediterranean, but it has been confused with S. ambigua, and may have a wider range; it was reported from near Heard Island by d'Hondt (1984). Scruparia species are not conspicuous, and the small colonies may occur on algae, shell, hydroids and other bryozoans from the shallow littoral and subtidal down to 50 m or more (Hayward & Ryland 1998).

Lopez Gappa (1986) has introduced the genus Brettiopsis from Antarctica and assigned it to the Scrupariidae. The presence of avicularia suggests that it may be more conveniently accommodated within the Bugulidae.

Diagnosis

Colonies of creeping chains of discrete zooids or kenozooids, with scattered erect series. Zooids expand from a narrow tubular proximal part to a domed central part with an oval frontal opesia. Zooids are poorly calcified; budding of zooids may be from the distal margin of the zooid or from the proximal side of the opesia. Brooding is in a bivalved ovicell distal to a specialised maternal zooid.

General References

Banta, W.C., Perez, F.M., & Santagata, S. 1995. A setigerous collar in Membranipora chesapeakensis n. sp. (Bryozoa): implications for the evolution of cheilostomes from ctenostomes. Invertebrate Biology 114: 83-88

Bock, P.E. 1982. Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa). pp. 319-394 in Shepherd, S.A. & Thomas, I.M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia Adelaide : Government Printer Part 1 491 pp.

D'Hondt, J.-L. 1984. Nouvelle contribution a la connaissance des Bryozoaires marins des terres australes françaises. Comité national français des Recherches Antarctiques 55: 95-116

Gordon, D.P., & Mawatari, S.F. 1992. Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous publications of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 107: 1-52

Hastings, A.B. 1941. The British species of Scruparia (Polyzoa). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 7: 465-472

Hayward, P.J. 1995. Antarctic cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Oxford, New York, Tokyo : Oxford University Press 355 pp.

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. 1998. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 1. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. In, Barnes, R.S.K. & Crothers, J.H. (eds). Synopses of the British Fauna. n.s Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council. Vol. 10 pp.

Lopez Gappa, J.J. 1986. A new bryozoan genus from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 6: 103-105

Zimmer, R.L., & Woollacott, R.M. 1977. Structure and Classification of Bryozoan Larvae. pp. 57-89 in Woollacott, R.M., & Zimmer, R.L. (eds). Biology of Bryozoans. New York : Academic Press xvii 566 pp.

History of changes

• Brettiopsis Lopez Gappa, J.J. 1986. A new bryozoan genus from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 6: 103-105 [104].

  Type species:

   Brettia triplex Hastings, 1943 by original designation.

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

History of changes

• Brettia triplex Hastings, A.B. 1943. Polyzoa (Bryozoa) I. Scrupocellariidae, Epistomiidae, Farciminariidae, Bicellariellidae, Aeteidae, Scrupariidae. Discovery Reports 22: 301-510 [476].

Distribution

Original AFD Distribution Data

Antarctic Region

• Antarctica

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, continental shelf, filter-feeder, sessile.

History of changes

• Scruparia Oken, L. 1815. Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Th. III, Zoologie. Abth. 1, Fleischlose. Leipzig pp. 1-842. [90].

  Type species:

   Sertularia chelata Linnaeus, 1758 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower E coast, Lower W coast, S Gulfs coast, Tas. Coast

History of changes

• Eucratea ambigua D'Orbigny, A. 1847. Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale. (Tom V part 4 (Livr 84 pp.7-28, 1847; Livr 56 pls 1,3,5, 1841; Livr 57 pls 2,6-8, and Livr 58, pls 4,9,10,12,13 and Livr 59, pl 11, 1842)). Paris; Strasbourg : P.Bertrand; V.Levrault. [11].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower E coast, Lower W coast, S Gulfs coast, Tas. Coast

Ecological Descriptors

Colonial, filter-feeder, sessile, subtidal.

Notes

Cosmopolitan.

History of changes