Family SALPIDAE


Compiler and date details

P. Kott, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Introduction

The family Salpidae Lahille, 1888 (with subfamilies Cyclosalpinae and Salpinae) is the most diverse of the thaliacean families, and the only family in the order Salpida. Salps are transparent, with atrial and branchial apertures at opposite ends of a more or less streamlined body. An aggregate (blastozooid) sexual generation alternates with a solitary (oozooid) vegetative generation. There is no tailed larva.

Circular muscles surrounding the body are divided into oral, atrial and body muscles. The oral muscle closes the mouth, while the body muscles contract to force water out posteriorly through the atrial aperture. Gill slits are absent, the atrial and branchial cavities being almost continuous, interrupted only by a large ciliated gill bar, the cilia driving the mucous net to the oesophageal opening. A tight, compact 'nucleus' at the posterior end of the body of the aggregate form contains the gut loop and gonads. Embryos (usually one at a time) develop attached to the atrial lining in the aggregated blastozooids.

The subfamily Cyclosalpinae (Cyclosalpa Blainville, 1827 and Helicosalpa Todara, 1902) in which circular whorls of zooids are produced from the stolon of the solitary vegetative generation, has a particularly thin test and a straight gut stretched along the gill bar. In Salpinae the test is often thick and firm, forming keels, spines, etc., the aggregates of blastozooids are in double rows rather than whorls and the gut is coiled.

Eleven genera are recognised in the Salpinae, and all are represented in Australian waters. The most commonly occurring species is Thalia democratica (Forskål, 1775), which occurs in two swarms, spring and autumn, off the coast of New South Wales. Its biology is discussed by Heron (1972) who observed that the population growth of the salp reflected that of the phytoplankton blooms it exploits as its food. The phytoplankton blooms presumably are associated with the incursions of nutrient rich deeper waters onto the continental shelf at those times of the year.

Ihle (1935) reviewed the Salpidae. Van Soest (1974a, 1974b, 1975) has more recently revised many of the genera. Thompson (1945) discussed their occurrence in Australian waters.

 

General References

Blainville, H.M.D. de 1827. Salpa. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 26(3): 136-138

Forsskål, P. 1775. Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hauniae : Heineck & Faber. 164 pp. [publication date established from Melville, R.V. 1969. Salpa Forskål, 1775 (Tunicata): Validated under the Plenary Powers with designation of a type species for Thalia Blumenbach, 1798. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 26(3): 136–138]

Heron, A.C. 1972. Population ecology of a colonizing species: the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. I. Individual growth rate and generation time. Oecologia (Berlin) 10: 289-293

Ihle, J.E.W. 1935. Desmomyaria. pp. 401–544 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Vol. 5(2, 5) Berlin : Walter de Gruyter.

Lahille, F. 1888. Etude systématique des tuniciers. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences 1887(2): 667-677

Thompson, H. 1945. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls.

Todara, F. 1883. Sopra una nuova forma di Salpa (S. dolicosoma). Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti 8: 41-43

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1974a. Taxonomy of the subfamily Cyclosalpinae Yount, 1954, with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia 22(288): 17-55

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1974b. A revision of the genera Salpa Forskål, 1775, Pegea Savigny, 1816 and Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919 (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Beaufortia 22(293): 153-191

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1975. Observations on taxonomy and distribution of some salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of three new species. Beaufortia 23: 105-130

 

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Subfamily CYCLOSALPINAE


Compiler and date details

P. Kott, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Genus Cyclosalpa Blainville, 1827

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia


Extra Distribution Information

Worldwide in tropical and temperate latitudes.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Northwest Transition (3), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Neotropical Region

Oriental Region

Distribution References

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Species Cyclosalpa affinis (Chamisso, 1819)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales


Extra Distribution Information

Eastern, central and western north Atlantic, eastern and central equatorial Atlantic, Mediterranean, north-east and north-west Indian Ocean, east and north Pacific.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

 

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Species Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

East and west Pacific and warmer parts of Atlantic.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

500 m to the surface.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

Thompson, H. 1945. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls. [114]

 

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Species Cyclosalpa floridana (Apstein, 1894)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

West part of north Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Neotropical Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Rare.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

Thompson, H. 1945. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls. [111] (as Cyclosalpa floridana)

 

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Species Cyclosalpa polae Sigl, 1912

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Warmer waters of Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Favours temperate waters.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

 

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Species Cyclosalpa sewelli Metcalf, 1927

 

Distribution

States

Queensland, Western Australia


Extra Distribution Information

Indo-Pacific waters roughly between 30ºN and 30ºS, records not often distinguished from those of Cyclosalpa polae and Cyclosalpa pinnata [Salpidae].


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Timor Province (2), Cape Province (20), Northwest Transition (3), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5), Central Western Province (6), Southwest Transition (7)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

 

History of changes

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Genus Helicosalpa Todara, 1902

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales


Extra Distribution Information

Between 50ºN and 30ºS in the Atlantic Ocean, 40ºN and 40ºS in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Species Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales


Extra Distribution Information

Mediterranean, east equatorial Atlantic and central Indian Ocean.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Subfamily SALPINAE


Compiler and date details

P. Kott, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Genus Brooksia Metcalf, 1918

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

West Pacific, west Indian, Altantic Oceans between 30ºN and 20ºS, and Mediterranean Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Species Brooksia rostrata (Traustedt, 1893)

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans, west and east Pacific.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1975. Observations on taxonomy and distribution of some salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of three new species. Beaufortia 23: 105-130 [115]

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Iasis Savigny, 1816

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Warm waters of all oceans between 35ºN and 30ºS, and north Atlantic Ocean to about 42ºN.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Iasis cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

North-west, central and south-east north Atlantic, equatorial Atlantic, and south Atlantic, Indian Ocean, west and east Pacific.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Not below 100 m.

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Ihlea Metcalf, 1919

 

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Temperate and tropical waters of three oceans between 60ºN in the north Atlantic Ocean to the Antarctic convergence.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Ihlea magalhanica (Apstein, 1894)

 

Distribution

States

Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Straits of Magellan and to the south, and Cape of Good Hope.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Low tolerance of warm water, favours water between 11.6º and 22.25ºC.

 

General References

Foxton, P. 1971. On Ihlea magalhanica and Ihlea racovitzai. Discovery Reports 35: 179-198

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Metcalfina Ihle & Ihle-Landenberg, 1933

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

East Atlantic Ocean, north Indian Ocean, tropical west Pacific Ocean.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Metcalfina hexagona (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

From warm waters of Indian Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Rare, often in deeper waters to 200 m.

 

General References

Thompson, H. 1945. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls.

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Pegea Savigny, 1816

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

All oceans between 50ºN and 45ºS.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Pegea confoederata (Forsskål, 1775)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Warm and temperate parts of all oceans and Mediterranean.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
30-Nov-2017 MODIFIED

Genus Ritteriella Metcalf, 1918

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Tropical and temperate latitudes in all oceans.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Ritteriella amboinensis (Apstein, 1904)

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Indian and Pacific Oceans between 30ºS and 30ºN.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Favours waters 200 m to surface, warmer waters, but coldest times of the year.

 

General References

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1974. A revision of the genera Salpa Forskål, 1775, Pegea Savigny, 1816 and Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919 (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Beaufortia 22(293): 153-191 [177]

 

History of changes

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12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Ritteriella retracta (Ritter, 1906)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

All oceans betwen 40ºS and 40ºN, to 60ºN in the Atlantic.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, marine.

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Salpa Forsskål, 1775

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Worldwide.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Central Western Transition (5)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Neotropical Region

Distribution References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
30-Nov-2017 MODIFIED

Species Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Atlantic between 55ºS to 60ºN, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean between 40ºS and 30ºN to Bering Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Water temperature 7–25.7ºC, able to withstand low temperatures.

 

General References

Deshayes, G.P. & Milne Edwards, H. 1840. Tuniciers. pp. 473-541 in Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Paris : J.B. Ballière Vol. 3 770 pp. (Salpa runcinata Chamisso, 1819 as Salpa ruminata (sic), Salpa coerulea Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 as Salpa caeculia (sic))

Foxton, P. 1961. On Salpa fusiformis Cuvier and related species. Discovery Reports 32: 1-32

 

History of changes

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Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Salpa maxima Forsskål, 1775

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

North Atlantic Ocean, Cape Horn and coast of Chile, east and west Pacific Ocean to Bering Sea, Mediterranean Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Western Transition (5)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Neotropical Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Temperatures 12.7–23.8ºC.

 

General References

Neumann, G. 1935. Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds). Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2).

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
30-Nov-2017 MODIFIED

Genus Soestia Kott, 1998

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Atlantic Ocean between 40ºS and Iceland, Mediterranean Sea, tropical Indo-west Pacific Ocean, Japan and east Pacific Ocean between Straits of Magellan and 56ºN.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Soestia zonaria (Pallas, 1774)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Atlantic Ocean between 40ºS and Iceland, western and central Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, west Pacific Ocean to Japan, and east Pacific from Straits of Magellan to Alaska.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Common in most temperate waters.

 

General References

Thompson, H. 1945. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
30-Nov-2017 MODIFIED

Genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

Tropical and temperate Atlantic Ocean between 40ºN and 40ºS, west south Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
02-Sep-2014 MODIFIED

Species Thalia cicar Van Soest, 1973

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Tropical west Atlantic Ocean, central south Atlantic Ocean, Arabian Sea and Gulf of Eilat.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Palaearctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Thalia democratica (Forsskål, 1775)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria


Extra Distribution Information

In all tropical and temperate seas except Mediterranean Sea and West Indies.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Favours warmer waters 11.5–25.6ºC, in upper 25 m layer.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
30-Nov-2017 MODIFIED

Species Thalia longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales


Extra Distribution Information

South Indian Ocean and south Atlantic Ocean, 15ºS–55ºS.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Water temperature 16º–21ºC.

 

General References

Van Soest, R.W.M. 1973. The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea) with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia 20: 193-212 [205]

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Thalia rhinoceros Van Soest, 1975

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Other parts of west Pacific Ocean between 21ºN and 21ºS.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Thalia rhomboides (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Coral Sea, central Pacific Ocean and north and south West Indian Ocean.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Thetys Tilesius, 1802

 

Distribution

States

Tasmania


Extra Distribution Information

East Atlantic Ocean between 30ºS and English Channel, west Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Fundy & Bahamas), Mediterranean Sea, south and west Indian Ocean, central south and east Pacific Ocean between California and the Bering Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Distribution References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1802

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

Tasmania


Extra Distribution Information

East Atlantic Ocean between 30ºS and the English Channel, west Atlantic Ocean east of Bahamas, the Bay of Fundy, west Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, west Pacific Ocean from New Zealand to Japan, east Pacific Ocean from California to Bering Sea.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Nearctic Region

Palaearctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Tolerates colder waters than most salps.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Genus Traustedtia Metcalf, 1918

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Warmer parts of all oceans between 40ºN and 30ºS.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Distribution References

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Traustedtia multitentaculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)

 

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland


Extra Distribution Information

Tropical Atlantic, Indian Ocean, west Pacific.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Marine, planktonic.

Extra Ecological Information

Favours warmer waters, down to 200 m, water temperature 14.8–23.1ºC.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)