Introduction

Twisted bodies with large oral apertures.

History of changes

Introduction

Cells are pyriform in shape and only have two flagella.

History of changes

• Chilomastix Alexeieff, A. 1910. Sur la flagellés intestinaux des poisons marins. Note préliminaire. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 5 6: 1-22, 12 figs [11].

Distribution

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

History of changes

• Macrostoma caulleryi Alexeieff, A. 1909. Les Flagellés parasites de l'intestin des Batraciens indigènes. Comptes Rendus de la Société Biologie 67: 199-201 [200].

Generic Combinations

• Chilomastix caulleryi (Alexeieff, 1909). —
  Alexeieff, A. 1912. Sur quelques noms de genres des flagelles qui doivent disparaitre de la nomenclature pour cause de synonomie ou pour toute autre raison. Diagnoses de quelques genres recemment étudées. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39: 674-680 2 figs

Distribution

IBRA

Arnhem Coast (ARC), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Litoria latopalmata Günther, 1867 [HYLIDAE] Broad-palmed Frog (intestines); Litoria rubella (J.E. Gray, 1842) [HYLIDAE] Little Red Tree Frog (intestines); Litoria fallax (Peters, 1880) [HYLIDAE] Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog (intestines); Limnodynastes convexiusculus (Macleay, 1877) [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Marbled Frog (intestines); Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) [BUFONIDAE] Marine Toad, Cane Toad (cloaca); Litoria nasuta (J.E. Gray, 1842) [HYLIDAE] Rocket Frog (syn. Hyla nasuta; intestines); Litoria rothii (De Vis, 1884) [HYLIDAE] Northern Laughing Tree Frog (intestines); Taudactylus rheophilus Liem & Hosmer, 1973 [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Tinkling Frog (intestines); Limnodynastes dorsalis (J.E. Gray, 1841) [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Western Banjo Frog (intestines)).

Associated Fauna References

Delvinquier, B.L.J. & Freeland, W.J. 1988. Protozoan parasites of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 36: 301-316 (Bufo marinus)

Delvinquier, B.L.J. & Jones, M.K. 1988. A preliminary note on the intestinal flagellates of the Australian Anura. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25: 333-334 (Taudactylus rheophilus; Litoria rothii; Litoria fallax; Limnodynastes convexiusculus; Litoria latopalmata; Litoria nasuta; Litoria rubella; Limnodynastes dorsalis; Bufo marinus)

Speare, R. 1990. A review of the diseases of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, with comments on biological control. Australian Wildlife Research 17: 387-410 (Bufo marinus)

History of changes

• Macrostoma mesnili Wenyon, C.M. 1910. A new flagellate (Macrostoma mesnili n. sp.) from the human intestine, with some remarks on the supposed cysts of Trichomanas. Parasitology 3: 210-216.

Generic Combinations

• Chilomastix mesnili (Wenyon, 1910). —
  Alexeieff, A. 1912. Sur quelques noms de genres des flagelles qui doivent disparaitre de la nomenclature pour cause de synonomie ou pour toute autre raison. Diagnoses de quelques genres recemment étudées. Zoologischer Anzeiger 39: 674-680 2 figs

Distribution

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Dampierland (DL), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (faeces, gut); Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 [SUIDAE] Pig (faeces)).

Associated Fauna References

Bearup, A.J., Lawrence, J.J. & Heydon, G.A.M. 1949. The incidence of parasitic infections in New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 7-10 (Homo sapiens)

Hampton, J., Spencer, P.B.S., Elliot, A.D. & Thompson, R.C.A. 2006. Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens from feral pigs in major public drinking water catchments in Western Australia. EcoHealth 3: 103-108 (Sus scrofa)

Mackerras, M.J. 1958. Catalogue of Australian mammals and their recorded internal parasites. Part I. Monotremes and marsupials. Part II. Eutheria. Part III. Introduced herbivora and the domestic pig. Part IV. Man. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 83: 101-160 (Homo sapiens)

Maplestone, P.A. 1921. Human intestinal protozoa in north Queensland. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 14: 283-293 (Homo sapiens)

Meloni, B.P., Thompson, R.C.A., Hopkins, R.M., Reynoldson, J.A. & Gracey, M. 1993. The prevalence of Giardia and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from Aboriginal communities in the Kimberely. Medical Journal of Australia 158: 157-159 (Homo sapiens)

Stark, D., Fotedar, R., Van Hal, S., Beebe, N., Marriott, D., Ellis, J.T. & Harkness, J. 2007. Prevalence of enteric protozoa in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men from Sydney, Australia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76: 549-552 (Homo sapiens)

History of changes

• Copromonas Dobell, C.C. 1908. The structure and life history of Copromonas subtilis, nov. gen. et nov. spec.: a contribution to our knowledge of the Flagellata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 52: 75-120, pls iv, v.

Distribution

IBRA

Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Trachydosaurus rugosus Gray, 1825 [SCINCIDAE] Shingleback Lizard, Stumpy-tailed Lizard, Sleepy Lizard (syn. Tiliqua rugosa; rectum)).

Extra Ecological Information

Unidentified species of Copromonas have been found in the listed parasite hosts.

General References

Johnston, T.H. 1932. The parasites of the "stumpy-tail" lizard Trachysaurus rugosus. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 56: 62-70

History of changes

• Copromonas subtilis Dobell, C.C. 1908. The structure and life history of Copromonas subtilis, nov. gen. et nov. spec.: a contribution to our knowledge of the Flagellata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 52: 75-120, pls iv, v.

Distribution

IBRA

Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Litoria ewingii (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) [HYLIDAE] Brown Tree Frog (gut); Litoria aurea (Lesson, 1829) [HYLIDAE] Green and Golden Bell Frog (syn. Hyla aurea; gut); Litoria peronii (Tschudi, 1838) [HYLIDAE] Peron’s Tree Frog (syn. Hyla peronii; gut); Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Günther, 1858 [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Spotted Grass Frog (gut); Limnodynastes dorsalis (J.E. Gray, 1841) [MYOBATRACHIDAE] Western Banjo Frog (gut)).

Associated Fauna References

Raff, J.W. 1911. Protozoa parasitic in the large intestine of Australian frogs. Part I. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 23: 586-596 (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis; Limnodynastes dorsalis; Litoria ewingii; Litoria peronii; Litoria aurea)

History of changes

• Retortamonas Grassi, G.B. 1879. Dei Protozoi parassiti e specialmente quelle che sono nell' uomo. Gazzetta. Medica Italiana Lombarda 39(8): 445-448 [446].

Introduction

A report of by Stark et al. (1007) of Reportamonas hominis from Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (faeces) may be a misidentification of Reportamonas intestinalis.

Distribution

IBRA

Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Wet Tropics (WT)

General References

Stark, D., Fotedar, R., Van Hal, S., Beebe, N., Marriott, D., Ellis, J.T. & Harkness, J. 2007. Prevalence of enteric protozoa in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men from Sydney, Australia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76: 549-552

History of changes

• Embadomonas dobelli Bishop, A. 1931. A description of Embadomonas n. spp. from Blatta orientalis, Rana temporaria, Bufo vulgaris, and Salamandra maculosa; with a note on the "cyst" of Trichomonas batrachorum. Parasitology 23: 286-300.

Generic Combinations

• Retortamonas dobelli (Bishop, 1931). —
  Wenrich, D.H. 1932. The Relation of the Protozoan Flagellate, Retortamonas gryllotalpae (Grassi, 1879) Stiles, 1902 to the Species of the Genus Embadomonas Mackinnon, 1911. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 51(4): 225-238 [Date published October] [226]

Distribution

IBRA

Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Litoria caerulea (J. White, 1790) [HYLIDAE] Green Tree Frog (syn. Hyla caerulea; intestines); Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) [BUFONIDAE] Marine Toad, Cane Toad (cloaca)).

Associated Fauna References

Delvinquier, B.L.J. & Freeland, W.J. 1988. Protozoan parasites of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 36: 301-316 (Bufo marinus)

Delvinquier, B.L.J. & Jones, M.K. 1988. A preliminary note on the intestinal flagellates of the Australian Anura. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25: 333-334 (Litoria caerulea; Bufo marinus)

Speare, R. 1990. A review of the diseases of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, with comments on biological control. Australian Wildlife Research 17: 387-410 (Bufo marinus)

History of changes

• Waskia intestinalis Wenyon, C.M. & O'Connor, F.W. 1917. Human Intestinal Parasites in the Near East. London : John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd.

Generic Combinations

• Retortamonas intestinalis (Wenyon & O'Connor, 1917). —
  Wenrich, D.H. 1932. The Relation of the Protozoan Flagellate, Retortamonas gryllotalpae (Grassi, 1879) Stiles, 1902 to the Species of the Genus Embadomonas Mackinnon, 1911. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 51(4): 225-238 [Date published October] [226]

Distribution

IBRA

Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (faeces)).

Associated Fauna References

Goldsmid, J.M. 1981. Intestinal parasitic infections of man in Tasmania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 110-111 (Homo sapiens)

History of changes

• Retortamonas mitrula Kirby, H. & Honigberg, B. 1950. Intestinal flagellates from a wallaroo, Macropus robustus Gould. University of California Publications in Zoology 50: 35-66.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Zoo USA

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Macropus robustus Gould, 1841 [MACROPODIDAE] Common Wallaroo (intestines)).

Associated Fauna References

Kirby, H. & Honigberg, B. 1950. Intestinal flagellates from a wallaroo, Macropus robustus Gould. University of California Publications in Zoology 50: 35-66 (Macropus robustus)

History of changes