• Achinoe Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [546].

  Type species:

   Achinoe australis Gray, 1867 by monotypy.
• Plakina Schulze, F.E. 1880. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Neunte Mittheilung. Die Plakiniden. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 34: 407-451 pls 20-22 [407].

  Type species:

   Plakina monolopha Schulze, 1889 by subsequent designation, see Sollas, W.J. 1888. Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 25(63): clxvi 1-458 44 pls 1 map [cli].
• Plakoosa Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A comparison of the shallow water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83(2993): 441-466 [462].

  Type species:

   Plakoosa elisa de Laubenfels, 1936 by monotypy.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Topsent, E. 1937. Notes diverses sur des Eponges. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique Monaco 722: 1-15 [7]

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Amphi-Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Japan, New Zealand, Antarctic and Subantarctic.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Thinly to massively encrusting Plakinidae with a spiculation of diods, triods, and calthrops, and with homogeneously ramified lophocalthrops with one, two, three, or four lophate rays. Candelabra (heterolophose calthrops) absent. Lophocalthrops usually concentrated at the sponge surface and bordering canals. Development of the ectosome is variable, and subectosomal cavities may be present (e.g., P. trilopha Schulze, 1880). A large basal cavity is present in most species. Proportion of mesohyl to chambers varies from 0.7 to 1.8:1. Choanocyte chambers are eurypylous or aphodal, usually with a radial arrangement around incurrent and excurrent canals (called sylleibid-like arrangement, such as in P. monolopha, P. elisa).

ID Keys

See Family Plakinidae Diagnosis.

Diagnosis References

Muricy, G. & Diaz, M. C. 2002. Order Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905. Family Plakinidae Schulze, 1880. pp. 71-82 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [79]

History of changes

• Achinoe australis Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 492-558 pls 27-28 [546] [based on Bowerbank, J.S. 1864. A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. London : Ray Society Vol. 1 290 pp. 37 pls. (235–236), single spicules only; possibly a composite species].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1877.5.21.622 (slide), Freemantle, WA [32°03'S 115°46'E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1877.5.21.622 slide.
• Placinolopha spinosa Kirkpatrick, R. 1900. Description of sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 6: 345-362 pls 13-15 [350].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1900.10.19.8 wet + slides, 50–70 m, Funafuti Atoll, Funafati, Tuvalu, W Pacific [8°23'49"S 179°04'40"E].
• Corticium acanthastrum Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on Indian sponges–7. Additions to the genus Corticium Schmidt with notes on the distribution of Corticium candelabrum Schmidt. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 10(2): 260-267 [260].

  Type data:

   Holotype CMFRI 147, 1.5 m, Palk Bay, India [9°23'56"N 79°42'03"E].
• Plakina acantholopha Thomas, P.A. 1971. Studies on Indian sponges –7. Two new records and a new species of the genus Plakina Schulze (Carnosida: Halinidae) from the Indian region. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 12: 51-56 [53].

  Type data:

   Holotype CMFRI 147, 20.2.1967, Palk Bay, India [9°23'56"N 79°42'03"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hooper, J.N.A. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [342]

Generic Combinations

• Corticium australis (Gray, 1867).

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Freemantle, (Indian Ocean), and also W Pacific.

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Province (31)

Ecological Descriptors

Unknown.

Extra Ecological Information

Unknown.

General References

Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1–620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [342] (as Corticium australis (Gray))

History of changes

• Plakina monolopha Schulze, F.E. 1880. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Neunte Mittheilung. Die Plakiniden. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 34: 407-451 pls 20-22 [407].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) (MJG?, ZMB?), Trieste, Lesina, Naples, (Mediterranean Sea).
• Plakina monolopha antarctica Lendenfeld, R. von 1907. Tetraxonia der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 9(Zool. 1): 303–342 pls 21–25. [333].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 3501 wet, 350 m, 385 m, Gauss Winter Station, off Wilhelm II Coast, Antarctica [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; ZMB 5062 2 slides, 350 m, 385 m, Gauss Winter Station, off Wilhelm II Coast, Antarctica [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; BMNH 1908.9.24.99 wet fragment of type, 350 m, 385 m, Gauss Winter Station, off Wilhelm II Coast, Antarctica [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; BMNH 1908.9.24.100 wet fragment of type, 350 m, 385 m, Gauss Winter Station, off Wilhelm II Coast, Antarctica [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; BMNH 3 slides 1/3, 350 m, 385 m, Gauss Winter Station, off Wilhelm II Coast, Antarctica [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Wiedenmayer, F. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [343]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr.; Mawson Coast, Enderby Land, Wilhelm II Coast, also Weddell Sea, Caribbean, S and NE Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Japan and New Zealand.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 0–540 m.

History of changes

• Plakina trilopha Schulze, F.E. 1880. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Neunte Mittheilung. Die Plakiniden. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 34: 407-451 pls 20-22 [427].

  Type data:

   Holotype MJG, Naples (Mediterranean Sea).
• Plakina trilopha antarctica Lendenfeld, R. von 1907. Tetraxonia der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. In Drygalski, E. von (ed.) Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 9(Zool. 1): 303–342 pls 21–25. [326].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 3502 wet (40 specimens), 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; ZMB 5061 slide, 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E]; ZMB 6163 slide, 350–385 m, off Wilhelm II Coast, Aust. Antarctic Terr. [66°2´9˜S 89°38´E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Wiedenmayer, F. in Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. 1994. Porifera. pp. 1-620 in Wells, A. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO Australia Vol. 12 xiii 624 pp. [Date published 21/Nov/1994] [343]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aust. Antarctic Terr., Heard Is.; Wilhelm II Coast, George V Coast, also Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, New Zealand, Weddell Sea and Subantarctic.

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 20–920 m.

History of changes