Introduction

The Phasmida, commonly known as stick and leaf insects, are large (35–240 mm in length), terrestrial, often thamnophilus or tree-dwelling insects attaining the greatest abundance in tropical climes. In terms of length, they are among the world's largest insects. Most species show remarkable resemblance to plant parts, such as twigs, leaves and stems. Several species have been used widely in behavioural and physiological studies while others have been of considerable use in cytological investigations.

Kevan (1982) estimated that 2500 species of Phasmatodea were described worldwide; Brock and Hasenpusch (2009) give a figure of 'about 3000' species worldwide. Key (1991) estimated that the Australian fauna would probably reach about 150 species when all species are described. Brock & Hasenpusch (2007, 2009) list 104 described species for Australia.

Genetic variation in anatomical characters occurs in many, if not most, species. This has led to many errors in taxonomy. Lobes, 'horns', spines and differences in rugosity can be highly variable or absent among individuals of the same population. Green and non-green morphs also often occur in the same population. This, coupled with geographic variation, size and wing variation, and the fact that males are much smaller and quite different in appearance from females, has confounded the taxonomic literature. Velona et al. (2015) employed bar-coding and "uncovered cryptic diversity" in Australian stick insects: "Eighty-two specimens representing twelve morphospecies (Sipyloidea sp. A, Candovia annulata, Candovia sp. A, Candovia sp. B, Candovia sp. C, Denhama austrocarinata, Xeroderus kirbii, Parapodacanthus hasenpuschorum, Tropidoderus childrenii, Cigarrophasma tessellatum, Acrophylla wuelfingi, Eurycantha calcarata) were correctly recovered as clades through the molecular approach, their sequences forming monophyletic and well-supported clusters."

Stick insects have had a taxonomic history somewhat similar to that of cockroaches and mantids. They were considered as a family of Orthoptera in the early days but are now generally recognised as a separate order. However, the names used for the order often vary with the author. Cheleutoptera, Phasmida, Phasmodea, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera and Phasmoptera have all been used to designate the order. The classification used in the Australian Faunal Directory follows the online checklist of Brock (2013) with a minor modification, following the molecular systematic analyses of Bradler et al. (2014).

Bedford (1978) provided a comprehensive, world review of the biology and ecology of stick insects. Kevan (1982) provided a similar review at the taxonomic level. His 'escalated' view of the higher taxonomic levels is not followed here. Regular notes on the behaviour and ecology of stick insects, including Australian species, can be found in the Newsletter of the Phasmid Study Group (ISNN 0268–3806) and their journal, Phasmid Studies (ISSN 0966–0011).

Brock and Hasenpusch (2009) give a very useful comprehensive review of stick and leaf insect biology and history of collecting of Australian stick and leaf insects. They also detail methods for collection, rearing and preserving stick insects and give a summary of information on each of the described species.

Phase differences (often called kentromorphism in Australia) have been reported by Key (1957) in three Australian stick insects. These are Podacanthus wilkinsoni Macleay, Didymuria violescens (Leach) and Ctenomorphodes tessulatus (Gray), all of which can reach high population numbers. Low density nymphs are uniformly coloured—usually green, while those prone to high density populations are aposematically coloured and patterned. Morphometric phase differences are analogous to those of locusts. There is no correlation between density and activity, and stick insects show no obvious gregariousness.

One species, the Lord Howe Island stick insect, Drycocelus australis (Montrouzier), was believed to be extinct (Gurney 1947; Smithers 1969). It was endemic to Lord Howe Island where it lived on the trunks and in cavities of banyans. It is thought to have been exterminated after rats were introduced to the island in the early part of the century. It was found on the offshore Ball's Pyramid in 2001, and is being reared for release back on the Island.

Most stick insect species seem to be nocturnal and, with a few exceptions, rare in nature. Most species are found in foliage upon which they feed but a few are wholly terrestrial. They are entirely plant feeders and are unusual in their ability to develop on a wide variety of unrelated plant species. They exhibit cryptic postures and perform rhythmical swaying when disturbed. A few species can produce sound when disturbed by rubbing the hind wings against tubercles on the legs. There is no indication that they can hear any of the sounds they produce. When disturbed, some species drop to the ground in a state of catelepsy that may last for hours. Other defensive responses in Australian species have been described by Bedford & Chinnick (1966). Australian Megacrania species squirt a milky substance smelling of peppermint, probably actinidine for M. alpheus Westwood (Chow & Lin 1986), at intruders when disturbed.

ANATOMY
Morphologically, stick insects are very distinctive. They are generally prognathous with the head ovoid to rectangular, often with horns or protuberances. The antennae are short to long, ranging from 8 to more than 110 segments. Eyes are small and inconspicuous; ocelli are present only in some winged species. The prothorax is longer than the other thoracic segments (in contrast to the stick katydids, Tettigoniidae: Phasmodinae, in which the metathorax is the expanded thoracic segment). All three pairs of legs are gressorial and are long and slender. Tarsi of all Australian species are 2–5-segmented. Many species have the capability of being able to regenerate lost appendages if they are lost at an early stage of development. In those limbs, the tarsi are 4-segmented. Terminal claws bear an arolium. Both sexes of most Australian Phasmatodea are apterous, however, males of some species are fully winged, the females wingless or semi alate. The forewings are toughened tegmina, which are often small, rounded and dome-like and cover the base of the hind wings at rest and slightly overlap. The forewings typically have a knob-like structure dorsally in the proximal portion that accommodates a prominent sclerite on the base of the hind wing when folded. The hind wings are large, broad, with a large membranous anal area, folded fan-like at rest. Venation is very uniform; costa absent in forewing, weak and positioned on the anterior margin of hind wing; subcosta unbranched; radius unbranched in forewing, branching in hind wing forming R1 and radial sector; media bifurcate in forewing, in hind wing only basally and occasionally trifurcate.

Abdomen cylindrical or dorso-ventrally compressed, with or without spines or outgrowths; abdomen 11-segmented with the first tergite called the median segment, connected to metanotum (Australian species); tenth tergite well developed, emarginate posteriorly in males with ventro-caudal angles produced, clasping, often with small tufts of spines, lateral walls of this tergite curving ventrally or meeting the mid-ventral line anteriorly; eleventh tergite constituting the supra-anal plate, often concealed under T-10 in males, more elongate, often articulated in females. Sternite 10 well developed, fused posteriorly to the paraprocts. Cerci unsegmented, long or short, often concealed beneath the tenth tergite, often modified as claspers in males. In males the ninth sternite constitutes the subgenital plate which lacks styles but is modified distally into a cup-like lobe, often termed the poculum. The tenth sternite in males of some groups is provided with a backwardly projecting prong-like process, the vomer, which is used in copulation. The genitalia are concealed by the subgenital plate and constitute a group of symmetrical, membranous or lightly sclerotised lobes. Females are different in the structure of the posterior abdominal segments. The eighth sternite consists of a scoop-like or keeled structure called the operculum, the posterior margin of which may project beyond the abdomen and frequently bears an egg. The ovipositor is very short and consists of three pairs of valves, and is wholly concealed by the operculum.

The chromosome complements of Australian Phasmatodea range in number from 26 to 69, the larger numbers occurring in parthenogenetic species. Males usually are XO but XY species are known. Intricate studies illustrating chromosome races have been done by Craddock (1972) and varying chromosome numbers in parthenogenetic females have been demonsrated in the genus Sipyloidea by John et al. (1987).

Eggs of stick insects are of special interest because of their resemblance to seeds. The chorion is hard and may be wrinkled or smooth and patterned. The anterior pole bears an operculum and it in turn may bear a median prominence, the capitulum. On the dorsal surface there is usually a well-defined micropylar plate that resembles the scar-like hilum of seeds. The microstructure of stick insect eggs provides many reliable taxonomic characters. The eggs of Sipyloidea nelida Rentz are unique in that they are enclosed in two supernumerary membranes. Shortly after deposition, the membranes rupture and a system of tubules in the operculum everts forming a cluster of stellate hairs resembling the head of a dandelion. These have been shown to be connected to the inside of the egg and may transport moisture.

Stick insect nymphs may or may not resemble adults. They are often mimetic, resembling ants. Males undergo fewer moults than females and the exuviae are usually eaten. The number of antennal segments increases progressively.

Acknowledgements

Originally this section of the Australian Faunal Directory was derived from the Zoological Catalogue of Australia database, from which the published Catalogue (Balderston et al. (1998) was prepared at CSIRO Entomology, Canberra and the Division's resources and facilities were made available to the authors.

The authors were greatly aided by the kindness of several individuals. The Phasmid Study Group is an international organisation of amateurs and professionals dedicated to the understanding of the systematics, biology and ecology of stick-insects. Several members of that organisation provided invaluable help: Mr Paul Brock contributed photographs and notes on the type specimens of a number of Australian species he had studied in the BMNH and various museums in Europe. He also helped to locate important literature which was unknown to the authors prior to the study. Mr Phil Bragg, also a member of the above-mentioned organisation, provided the authors with a copy of his Phasmatid Database. This document will eventually list all of the stick-insect taxa and their dates of publication, references, type localities and location of types. The authors acknowledged the comprehensive catalogue and reference list of Australian species prepared by Vickery (1983) and thanked Mr Jon Prance of the CSIRO Black Mountain Library for assistance and time spent with the literature search.

The illustrations used in the family introductions in the published Catalogue are from Key (1991). They were reproduced with permission from CSIRO Entomology and the Melbourne University Press.

Funding was made available for the original checklisting project by the Australian Biological Resources Study.

Database Notes

The original information on the Australian Faunal Directory site for the Phasmida was derived from the Zoological Catalogue of Australia database compiled on the Platypus software program. It has now been upgraded and updated following Brock and Hasenpusch (2007, 2009).

Limital Area

Distribution data in the Directory is by political and geographic region descriptors (IBRA) and serves as a guide to the distribution of a taxon. For details of a taxon's distribution, the reader should consult the cited references (if any) at genus and species levels.

Australia is defined as including Lord Howe Is., Norfolk Is., Cocos (Keeling) Ils, Christmas Is., Ashmore and Cartier Ils, Macquarie Is., Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard and McDonald Ils, and the waters associated with these land areas of Australian political responsibility. Political areas include the adjacent waters.

Terrestrial geographical terms are based on the drainage systems of continental Australia, while marine terms are self explanatory except as follows: the boundary between the coastal and oceanic zones is the 200 m contour; the Arafura Sea extends from Cape York to 124°E; and the boundary between the Tasman and Coral Seas is considered to be the latitude of Fraser Island, also regarded as the southern terminus of the Great Barrier Reef.

Distribution records, if any, outside of these areas are listed as extralimital. The distribution descriptors for each species are collated to genus level. Users are advised that extralimital distribution for some taxa may not be complete.

General References

Balderson, J., Rentz, D.C.F. & Roach, A.M.E. 1998. Phasmatodea. pp. 347-376 in Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 23 xiii 464 pp.

Bedford, G.O. 1978. Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Review of Entomology 23: 125-149

Bedford, G.O. & Chinnick, L.J. 1966. Conspicuous displays in two species of Australian stick insects. Animal Behaviour 14: 518-521

Bradler, S., Robertson, J.A. & Whiting, M.F. 2014. A molecular phylogeny of Phasmatodea with emphasis on Necrosciinae, the most species-rich subfamily of stick insects. Systematic Entomology 39: 205-222

Bradley, J.C. & Galil, B.S. 1977. The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 79: 176-208

Brock, P., Büscher, T. & Baker, E. 2023. Phasmida Species File Online. http://phasmida.speciesfile.org (accessed April 2014)

Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81

Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. 2009. The Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. Collingwoord, Victoria : CSIRO Publishing 204 pp.

Chow, Y.S. & Lin, Y.M. 1986. Actinidine, a defensive secretion of the stick insect, Megacrania alpheus Westwood (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). Journal of Entomological Science 21: 97-101

Craddock, E. 1972. Chromosomal diversity in the Australian Phasmatodea. Australian Journal of Zoology 20: 445-462

Günther, K. 1953. Über die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung de Phasmatodea. Beiträge zur Entomologie (Berlin) 3(5): 541-563

Gurney, A.B. 1947. Notes on some remarkable Australasian walkingsticks, including a synopsis of the genus Extatosoma (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 40(3): 373-396

John, B., Rentz, D.C.F. & Contreras, N. 1987. Extensive chromosome variation in the stick insect genus Sipyloidea Brunner von Wattenwyl (Phylliidae: Necrosciinae) within Australia, and descriptions of three new species. Invertebrate Taxonomy 1: 603-630

Kevan, D.E.McE. 1982. Phasmatoptera. pp. 379-383 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw Hill Vol. 2.

Kevan, D.K.McE. (ed.) 1977. The higher classification of the orthopteroid insects. Lyman Entomol. Mus. Res. Lab. Memoir No. 4. 26 pp.

Key, K.H.L. 1957. Kentromorphic phases in three species of Phasmatodea. Australian Journal of Zoology 5: 247-284

Key, K.H.L. 1991. Phasmatodea (Stick-insects). pp. 394-404 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 1 xiii 542 pp.

Smithers, C.N. 1969. On some remains of the Lord Howe Island phasmid (Dryococelus australis Montrouzier)) (Phasmida) from Ball's pyramid. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 105: 252

Velona, A., Brock, P.D., Hasenpusch, J. & Mantovani, B. 2015. Cryptic diversity in Australian stick insects (Insecta; Phasmida) uncovered by the DNA barcoding approach. Zootaxa 3957(4): 455–466

Vickery, V.R. 1983. Catalogue of Australian stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Aust. Div. Entomol. Tech. Pap. No. 20. 15 pp.

History of changes

• VEROPHASMATODEA.

History of changes

• LONCHODIDAE Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893.

Introduction

A revised diagnosis of the Lonchodiddae to contain only the subfamilies Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae was proposed by Robertson et al. (2018), building on the phylogenetic work conducted by Bradler et al. (2014).

General References

Bradler, S., Robertson, J.A. & Whiting, M.F. 2014. A molecular phylogeny of Phasmatodea with emphasis on Necrosciinae, the most species-rich subfamily of stick insects. Systematic Entomology 39: 205-222

Robertson, J.A., Bradler, S. & Whiting, M.F. 2018. Evolution of oviposition techniques in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6(216): 1–15

History of changes

• Lonchodinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Révision du système des Orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2a 13: 1-230 [published September].

  Type genus:

   Lonchodes Gray, 1835.
• Eurycanthinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Révision du système des Orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2a 13: 1-230 [published September].

  Type genus:

   Eurycantha Boisduval, 1835.

Introduction

Leprocaulinus transferred to Lonchodinae following molecular systematic analysis of Bradler et al. (2014).

General References

Bradler, S., Robertson, J.A. & Whiting, M.F. 2014. A molecular phylogeny of Phasmatodea with emphasis on Necrosciinae, the most species-rich subfamily of stick insects. Systematic Entomology 39: 205-222

History of changes

• Eurycanthini Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Révision du système des Orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2a 13: 1-230 [published September].

History of changes

• Eurycantha Boisduval, J.A. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M.J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune Entomologique de l'Océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage. 2me Partie. Coléoptères et autres Ordres. Paris : J. Tastu vii 716 pp. [Date published 27-III-1835] [647].

  Type species:

   Eurycantha horrida Boisduval, 1835 by monotypy.
• Karabidion Montrouzier, P. 1855. Essai sur la faune de l'île de Woodlark ou Moiou. Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Lyon 2 7: 1-114 [81] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Eurycantha Boisduval, 1835; the subsequent designation by Stål, C. 1875. Recensio Orthopterorum. Stockholm : Norstedt & Soner Vol. 3 pp. 4–105. (90) of Karabidon australe Montrouzier 1855 as genotype of Karabidion was invalid, see Gurney, A.B. 1947. Notes on some remarkable Australasian walkingsticks, including a synopsis of the genus Extatosoma (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 40(3): 373–396 (386)].
• Carabidion Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1907. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 2: Phasmidae anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann 181-338 pp. pls vii-xv. [339] [unjustified emendation for Karabidion Montrouzier, 1855; Karabidon australe Montrouzer, 1855 incorrectly given as a genotype].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Gurney, A.B. 1947. Notes on some remarkable Australasian walkingsticks, including a synopsis of the genus Extatosoma (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 40(3): 373-396 [386]

Excluded Taxa

Misidentifications

PHASMATIDAE: Eurycantha calcarata Lucas, 1869 — Monteith, G.B. & Dewhurst, C.F. 2011. Does the phasmid Eurycantha calcarata Lucas, 1869 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae) occur in Australia? Australian Entomologist 38(4): 179-196

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

New Guinea; Australian records probably misidentifications

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, E. 1912. Specie nuove di Fasmidi raccolti dal Prof. L. Schultze nella Nuova Guinea. Entomologische Rundschau 29(14): 93-94 [94] [nom. nov. for Promachus Stål, 1875].
• Promachus Stål, C. 1875. Recherches sur le système des Phasmides. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 2(17): 1-19 [17] [junior homonyn of Promachus Loew, 1848 (Diptera)].

  Type species:

   Acanthoderus wallacei Westwood, 1859 by subsequent designation, see Kirby, W.F. 1904. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Orthoptera, Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). London : Longmans & Co. Vol. 1 x 501 pp. [326].
• Giglotosea Aulmann, G. 1918. Neuer Phasmiden-Gattungsname. Entomologische Rundschau 35: 47 [47] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Promachus Stål, 1875].

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

New Guinea.

IBRA

Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

Distribution References

History of changes

• Promachus sordidus Kirby, W.F. 1896. On some new or rare Phasmidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2 6(6): 447-475 pls xxxix-xl [463].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH ♀ adult, Thursday Is., QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Lonchodini Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Révision du système des Orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2a 13: 1-230 [published September].

History of changes

• Austrocarausius Brock, P.D. 2000. Studies on Australian stick-insects of the family Heteronemiidae, subfamily Lonchodinae, including the description of a new genus. Journal of Orthoptera Research 9: 51-55 [52].

  Type species:

   Lonchodes nigropunctatus Kirby, 1896 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

General References

Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [853]

History of changes

• Austrocarausius coronatus Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873.
  Zoobank Registration Number:CC454399-B83A-4648-BA43-DE5B9311F5C5

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250917 ♀, Polly Ck, Garradunga, N. QLD.
  Paratype(s) QM T250918 ♂, Polly Ck, Garradunga, N. QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

History of changes

• Austrocarausius decorus Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [864].
  Zoobank Registration Number:6E563988-FC74-4B69-BA2B-FB3FD14AC9CB

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250911 ♀, Cape Tribulation Road, Thornton Beach, QLD [16°10′24′′S, 145°26′27′′E].
  Paratype(s) QM T250909 ♂, Quandong Road, Cow Bay, QLD [16°13′51′′S, 145°27′15′′E]; QM T250912 ♀, Cape Tribulation Rd, Cape Tribulation, QLD [16°05′25′′S, 145°27′52′′E]; several specimens, Cape Tribulation, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

History of changes

• Austrocarausius eirmosus Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [868].
  Zoobank Registration Number:94FDB207-785C-46A1-BFBC-C0620D194111

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250924 ♀, Whitsunday Islands National Park, QLD.
  Paratype(s) QM T250925 & T250926 1♂, 1♀, Whitsunday Islands National Park, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Central Mackay Coast (CMC)

History of changes

• Austrocarausius gasterbulla Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [867].
  Zoobank Registration Number:DA8F455B-9606-4861-8670-068DE9BEE5C6

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250919 ♀, Mt. Macartney, Cathu State Forest, QLD.
  Paratype(s) QM T250920 ♂, Mt. Macartney, Cathu State Forest, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Central Mackay Coast (CMC)

History of changes

• Austrocarausius macropunctatus Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [868].
  Zoobank Registration Number:4B75CBB7-DB6F-4C5F-BF60-6686008066FD

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250921 ♀, Shute Harbour, QLD.
  Paratype(s) QM T250922 &T250923 2♂, Shute Harbour, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Central Mackay Coast (CMC)

History of changes

• Carausius mercurius Stål, C. 1877. Espèces nouvelles de Phasmides. Bulletin ou Comptes-rendus des Séances de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 20: lxii-lxviii [lxii].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown ♀ adult, Rockhampton, QLD.

  Type locality references:

  Sjöstedt, Y. 1933. Orthopterentypen im Naturhistonschen Reichsmuseum zu Stockholm. 7. Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 25A(16): 1-10 [4].
• Carausius australicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1907. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 2: Phasmidae anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann 181-338 pp. pls vii-xv. [273].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NHMW ♀ adult, Rockhampton, QLD; ZMH 3♀, Rockhampton, QLD.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Brock, P.D. 2000. Studies on Australian stick-insects of the family Heteronemiidae, subfamily Lonchodinae, including the description of a new genus. Journal of Orthoptera Research 9: 51-55

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IBRA

NSW, Qld: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

General References

Forni, G., Cussigh, A., Brock, P.D., Jones, B.R., Nicolini, F., Martelossi, J., Luchetti, A. & Mantovani, B. 2023. Taxonomic revision of the Australian stick insect genus Candovia (Phasmida: Necrosciinae): insight from molecular systematics and species-delimitation approaches. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2023 197: 189-210 [857]

History of changes

• Lonchodes nigropunctatus Kirby, W.F. 1896. On some new or rare Phasmidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2 6(6): 447-475 pls xxxix-xl [453].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH ♀ adult, Lizard Is., QLD.
• Carausius macerrimus Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1907. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 2: Phasmidae anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann 181-338 pp. pls vii-xv. [275].

  Type data:

   Holotype NHMW ♀ adult, Cooktown, QLD.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [70]

Generic Combinations

• Austrocarausius nigropunctatus (Kirby, 1896). —
  Brock, P.D. 2000. Studies on Australian stick-insects of the family Heteronemiidae, subfamily Lonchodinae, including the description of a new genus. Journal of Orthoptera Research 9: 51-55

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

General References

Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [857]

History of changes

• Austrocarausius truncatus Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [863].
  Zoobank Registration Number:CD533028-371A-4158-BDD2-8D2BA5F97D3C

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250907 ♂ (12–19.ii.1996, G.B. Monteith), Gordon’s Mine Area, Iron Range, N. QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP)

History of changes

• Austrocarausius tuberosus Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [864].
  Zoobank Registration Number:09B01C1E-F81A-4D5D-9F7A-9EF99872F210

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250908 ♂, Mt Hemmant, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Wet Tropics (WT)

History of changes

• Austrocarausius waiben Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [859].
  Zoobank Registration Number:B90F0632-863E-446A-9993-691E339555E6

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250904 ♀, Thursday Island, QLD.
  Paratype(s) QM T250903, T250905 & T250906 1♂, 2♀, Thursday Island, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

History of changes

• Austrocarausius walkeri Jones, B.R., Brock, P.D., Mantovani, B., Beasley-Hall, P., Yeates, D.K. & Lo, N. 2022. Integrative taxonomy of the stick insect genus Austrocarausius Brock, 2000 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) reveals cryptic species in remnant Queensland rainforests. Invertebrate Systematics 36(9): 849-873 [869].
  Zoobank Registration Number:D8EB61F2-AD3A-4EB5-B997-DAAAC82D64E9

  Type data:

   Holotype QM T250927 ♂, Mt Dryander, QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Central Mackay Coast (CMC)

History of changes

• Denhama Werner, F. 1912. Mantodea und Phasmodea. pp. 47-56 in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds). Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Jena : Verlag Gustav Fischer Vol. 4. [53].

  Type species:

   Denhama aussa Werner, 1912 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, NT, Qld, SA, WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Burt Plain (BRT), Channel Country (CHC), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Finke (FIN), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Murchison (MUR), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL) ; WA: Central Kimberley (CK), Northern Kimberley (NK), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Victoria Bonaparte (VB)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: Lake Eyre basin, N Gulf, NE coastal
  • Western Australia: N coastal, SW coastal

History of changes

• Denhama aussa Werner, F. 1912. Mantodea und Phasmodea. pp. 47-56 in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds). Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Jena : Verlag Gustav Fischer Vol. 4. [53].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH ♀ adult, Denham, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Possibly also Musgrave Ranges, South Australia

IBRA

WA: Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

History of changes

• Hyrtacus austrocarinatus Otte & Brock, 2005 [replacement name for Marcenia carinata Sjöstedt, 1918].
• Marcenia carinata Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [38].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NHRM 2♂ adults, Derby, WA (as Nordwest-Australien).
• Hyrtacus cylindricus Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [41].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NHRM 5♂ adults ♂ juv., Derby, WA (as Nordwest-Australien).

Generic Combinations

• Danhama austrocarinatus (Otte & Brock, 2005). —
  Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [6]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Western Australia

IBRA

NT, WA: Darwin Coastal (DAC), Dampierland (DL)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Bacteria eutrachelia Westwood, J.O. 1859. Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. London : British Museum 184 pp. 48 pls. [32].

  Type data:

   Holotype OUM 576 ♀, Swan River, WA (as Nova Hollandia).

Generic Combinations

• Denhama eutrachelia (Westwood, 1859). —
  Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [6] (also revised status — removed from synonymy with Bacteria coenosa Gray, 1833)

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Grassland, herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Hyrtacus gracilis Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [43].

  Type data:

   Holotype NHRM ♀ adult, Coleman (as Coloman) River, Cape York, QLD.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

IBRA

NT, Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: Lake Eyre basin, N Gulf, NE coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Grassland, herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Lonchodes longiceps Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1907. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 2: Phasmidae anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann 181-338 pp. pls vii-xv. [260].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMH ♂ adult, Peak Downs, QLD.
• Hyrtacus imitans Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1907. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 2: Phasmidae anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann 181-338 pp. pls vii-xv. [302].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, ZMH ♀ adult, Peak Downs, QLD.

Generic Combinations

• Denhama longiceps (Brunner von Wattenyl, 1907). —
  Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [6]

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Central Mackay Coast (CMC)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Hyrtacus striatus Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [40].

  Type data:

   Holotype NHRM ♂ adult, Noonkanbah, WA (as Nordwest-Australien).

Generic Combinations

• Denhama striata (Sjöstedt, 1918). —
  Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [6]

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Central Kimberley (CK), Dampierland (DL), Northern Kimberley (NK), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Victoria Bonaparte (VB)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Western Australia: N coastal

Ecological Descriptors

Grassland, herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Hyrtacus Stål, C. 1875. Observations Orthopterologiques. 1. Sur une systemation nouvelle des Phasmides. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 3(14): 3-43 [8].

  Type species:

   Hyrtacus tuberculatus Stål, 1875 by monotypy.
• Marcenia Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [37].

  Type species:

   Marcenia cunctatrix Sjöstedt, 1918 by subsequent designation, see Vickery, V.R. 1983. Catalogue of Australian stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Aust. Div. Entomol. Tech. Pap. No. 20. 15 pp. [8] (all other originally included species reomoved to other genera and type designation erroneously cited as subsequent monotypy).

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [70]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

E Africa and Madagascar.

IBRA

NSW, NT, Qld, SA, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Riverina (RIV), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: Murray-Darling basin
  • Northern Territory: Lake Eyre basin, N Gulf, N coastal, W plateau
  • Queensland: Lake Eyre basin, Murray-Darling basin, N Gulf, NE coastal
  • South Australia: Lake Eyre basin, Murray-Darling basin, S Gulfs, W plateau
  • Western Australia: N coastal, SW coastal, W plateau

Distribution References

General References

Kirby, W.F. 1904. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Orthoptera, Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). London : Longmans & Co. Vol. 1 x 501 pp. [331] (synonymised Candovia Stål with Hyrtacus)

History of changes

• Lonchodes caurus Tepper, J.G.O. 1905. Insects collected in the North-western Region of South Australia proper by H. Basedow; with descriptions of new species of Mantidae and Phasmidae, No. 2. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 29: 237-245 [239].

  Type data:

   Holotype SAMA ♂ adult, NW SA.
• Marcenia cunctatrix Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [37].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NHRM 2♂ adults, Kimberley District, WA.
• Hyrtacus nigrogranulosus Sjöstedt, Y. 1918. Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv för Zoologi 11(19): 1-61 1 pl. [42].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) NHRM 2♀ adults, NW Australia.
• Bacillus peristhenellus Tepper, J.G.O. 1905. Insects collected in the North-western Region of South Australia proper by H. Basedow; with descriptions of new species of Mantidae and Phasmidae, No. 2. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 29: 237-245 [244].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) SAMA ♂ adult ♂ juv., NW SA.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [70]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, South Australia

IBRA

NT, SA: Central Ranges (CR), Finke (FIN), Great Sandy Desert (GSD)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

History of changes

• Hyrtacus tuberculatus Stål, C. 1875. Recensio Orthopterorum. Stockholm : Norstedt & Soner Vol. 3 pp. 4-105. [67].

  Type data:

   Holotype NHRM ♀ adult, Australia.
• Bacteria frenchi Wood-Mason, J. 1877. On a small collection of Orthopterous Insects of the families Phasmidae and Mantidae from Australia and New Britain with descriptions of four new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4 20: 74-75 [74].

  Type data:

   Holotype whereabouts unknown ♀ adult, N Australia.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [70]

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia

IBRA

NT, SA, WA: Central Ranges (CR), Finke (FIN), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD)

Ecological Descriptors

Grassland, herbivore.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female apterous.

History of changes

• Leprocaulinus Uvarov, B.P. 1940. Twenty-eight new generic names in Orthoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 5: 173-176 [176] [replacement name for Leprocaulus Redtenbacher, 1908].
• Leprocaulus Redtenbacher, J. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1908. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 3: (Schluss: Phasmidae anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylini, Necrosciini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann pp. 339-589 12 pls.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: NE coastal

History of changes

• Dixippus insularis Kirby, W.F. 1896. On some new or rare Phasmidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2 6(6): 447-475 pls xxxix-xl [460].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH ♀ adult, Thursday Is., QLD.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP)

Other Regions

Torres Strait Islands terrestrial, marine & freshwater

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore.

History of changes

• Necrosciinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Révision du système des Orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2a 13: 1-230 [published September].

  Type genus:

   Necroscia Audinet-Serville, 1838.

General References

Bradler, S., Robertson, J.A. & Whiting, M.F. 2014. A molecular phylogeny of Phasmatodea with emphasis on Necrosciinae, the most species-rich subfamily of stick insects. Systematic Entomology 39: 205-222

History of changes

• Necrosciini Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Révision du système des Orthoptères et description des espèces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2a 13: 1-230 [published September].

  Type genus:

   Necroscia Audinet-Serville, 1838.

History of changes

• Austrosipyloidea Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [7].

  Type species:

   Necrosia carterus Westwood, 1859 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

IBRA

NT, Qld: Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), Pine Creek (PCK), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Northern Territory: N coastal
  • Queensland: NE coastal

History of changes

• Necroscia carterus Westwood, J.O. 1859. Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. London : British Museum 184 pp. 48 pls. [138].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 2♀ adults, Australia (as Nova hollandia).
• Sipyloidea debilitata Redtenbacher, J. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1908. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 3: (Schluss: Phasmidae anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylini, Necrosciini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann pp. 339-589 12 pls. [549].

  Type data:

   Holotype NHMW ♂ adult, Cooktown, QLD.
• Sipyloidea filiformis Redtenbacher, J. in Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. & Redtenbacher, J. 1908. Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Lfg 3: (Schluss: Phasmidae anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylini, Necrosciini). Leipzig : Verlag Engelmann pp. 339-589 12 pls. [548].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) NHMW ♂, Northern Australia and Gayndah, QLD; ZMH ♂ ♀, Northern Australia and Gayndah, QLD.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Vickery, V.R. 1983. Catalogue of Australian stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Aust. Div. Entomol. Tech. Pap. No. 20. 15 pp. [10]
• Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81 [7] (for Sipyloidea filiformis Redtenbacher, 1908)

Generic Combinations

• Austrosipyloidea carterus (Westwood, 1859). —
  Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J. 2007. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-81

Distribution

States

Northern Territory, Queensland

IBRA

NT, Qld: Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Central Arnhem (CA), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), Pine Creek (PCK), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Herbivore, volant.

Extra Ecological Information

Male and female mesopterous.

General References

Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. 2009. The Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. Collingwoord, Victoria : CSIRO Publishing 204 pp. [39]

History of changes