• Phalacrocoracinae Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1849. Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Abt. II. Vögel, Band I. Avium systema naturale. Das natiirliche System der Vögel. Vorliiufer einer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel aller Welttheile. Dresden & Leipzig : Expeditionder vollstiindigsten Naturgeschichte pp.viii + 36 + xxxi pp. and 100 uncoloured plates. [Date published 1849-1850] [Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849-50 (1836) (Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760) conserved in preference to Halieinae Sundevall, 1836 (Halieus Illiger, 1811 = Phalacrocorax) and conditionally in preference to Carbonidae Brandt, 1849 (Carbo Lacepede, 1799 = Phalacrocorax) [Art. 40(b)]].

  Type genus:

   Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Carbonidae Brandt, J.F. 1839. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Naturgeschichte der Vögel mit besonterer Beziehung auf Skeletbau und vergleichende Zoologie. Mémoires de l'Académie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg Ser. 6. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. 58(2; Sci. Nat. 3): 91-237 + 18 plates [113] [nomen oblitum].

  Type genus:

   Carbo Lacépède, 1799.

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Phalacrocoracinae Bonaparte, C.L. 1854. Conspectus systematis ornithologiae. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 4 1(2): 105-152.

  Type genus:

   Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760.

  Secondary source:

   Brodkorb, P. 1963. Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 7: 179-293 [249].
• Graculinae Jerdon, T.C. 1862. The birds of India; being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental India. Calcutta : Military Orphan Press Vol. 2(2) pp. 442-876, xxxii. [1862-1864] [860].

  Type genus:

   Graculus Koch, 1816 [a junior synonym of Phalacrocorax, Brisson, 1760. Not Graculinae G.R. Gray, 1841 (1831) [Gracula Linnaeus, 1758] (= Sturnidae)].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].
• Leucocarboninae Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905 [890].

  Type genus:

   Leucocarbo Bonaparte, C.L., 1857 [a junior synonym of Phalacrocorax, Brisson, 1760].

  Secondary source:

   Bock, W.J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281 [131].

Introduction

The Phalacrocoracidae is generally recognised as consisting of two groups, the cormorants and shags; shags have crested or tufted crowns. Cormorants are medium to large sized; generally having black plumage with a metallic sheen although Southern Hemisphere family members may be counter-shaded, having white underparts and throats or grey plumages. Currently 41 species are recognised within three genera although there is considerable uncertainty about their genetic and specific status. Five species occur In Australia: two of these are black and the other three pied black with white underparts. They inhabit salt and fresh water coastal areas, rivers and lakes in numbers ranging from singles to large numbers.

The sexes of all species are similar in external morphology and have bare facial skin that, along with their bill, lores, gular skin and eyes, may be colourful and become brighter in teh breeding season. Cormorants swim low in the water and dive from the surface, pursuing their prey by manipulation of the feet and wings. Owing to a lack of natural feather waterproofing, all phalacrocoracids are required to spend time perched with their wings and tail spread to dry. Flight between wetlands may be undertaken alone or may involve large numbers; groups usually fly at some height in a single extended line.

Each species has a long neck and their bills have a strongly hooked tip. Four Australian species (Phalacrocorax) have a long bill, while the fifth, Microcarbo melanoleucos, differs in having, relatively, a shorter bill. The feet are totipalmate, with webbing between all four toes. The legs are short, strong and placed well back on the body. All are piscivores, taking a variety of small fish, but their diet may also include crustaceans, amphibians and even water snakes. Before consummation the prey is brought to the surface. While many phalacrocoracids feed individually, they can often congregate in what appear to be organised communal flocks for fishing.

Cormorants are gregarious when breeding; small or large breeding colonies form using waterside trees, rocky islets, or cliff ledges. These are easily identified by the large deposits of guano deposited on the surrounding rocks and/or vegetation. Breeding has been described as ‘promiscuous, polygamous and polyandrous’ although they are principally monogamous; the birds pair temporarily during the breeding season. Little ceremony exists among these pairs. The nest is an untidy structure built using sticks or seaweed, and always associated with water; it is placed either on the ground (cliff ledges) or in trees. Egg clutches vary from two to six; these are elliptical and pale bluish green with a chalky encrustation. Adults share incubation and caring for the young which includes feeding them through regurgitation.

General References

Campbell, B. & Lack, E. (eds) 1985. A Dictionary of Birds. Calton : T. & A.D. Poyser xxx 670 pp.

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp.

Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547.

Kennedy, M., Gray, R.D. & Spencer, H.G. 2000. The phylogenetic relationships of the Shags and Cormorants: Can sequence data Resolve a disagreement between behavior and morphology? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17(3): 345–359

Orta, J. 1992. Family Phalacrocoracidae. pp. 326–353 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Bird of the World. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions Vol. 1 696 pp.

Orta, J. 1992. Family Phalacrocoracidae. In: (eds.): del Hoyo, Elliott, A. & Sargatai, J.. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 1 (Ostrich to Ducks). pp 326–353 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Bird of the World. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions Vol. 1 696 pp.

Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905

History of changes

• Leucocarbo Bonaparte, C.L. 1857. Conspectus generum avium. Paris : E.J. Brill Vol. 2 232+23 pp. [published 1850-1857] [176].

  Type species:

   Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, R.P., 1837 by subsequent designation, see Sharpe, R.B. & Ogilvie-Grant, W.R. 1898. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones, Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the Collection of the British Museum. London : Trustees British Museum Vol. 26 pp. xvii + 687. [331].

  Secondary source:

   Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [46]; Dorst, J. & Mougin, J-L 1979. Order Pelecaniformes. pp. 155-193 in Mayr, E. & Cottrell, G.W. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 1 Edn 2, pp.xvii + 547. [164, 174]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].
• Euleucocarbo Voisin, J.-F. 1973. Notes on the blue-eyed shags (Genus Leucocarbo Bonaparte). Notornis 20(3): 262-271 [268].

  Type species:

   Leucocarbo (Euleucocarbo) carunculatus Gmelin, 1789 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].
• Nesocarbo Voisin, J.-F. 1973. Notes on the blue-eyed shags (Genus Leucocarbo Bonaparte). Notornis 20(3): 262-271 [268].

  Type species:

   Leucocarbo (Nesocarbo) campbelli Filhol, 1878 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].
• Notocarbo Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90(4): 885–905 [891].

  Type species:

   Notocarbo atriceps atriceps King, P.P., 1828 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [146].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Swan Coastal Plain (SWA)

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Two subspecies, each restricted to either Macquarie or Heard Islands.

IMCRA

Macquarie Island Province (24)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

Details of nominate subspecies, not present in Australia

Phalacrocorax atriceps P.P. King, 1828
King (1828: 102).
Type data: Holotype BMNH 1855.12.19.354 Skin, Straits of Magellan.
Type locality references: Warren (1966: 23).

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Imperial Shag)

History of changes

• Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) atriceps nivalis Falla, R.A. 1937. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition.1929–1931... Report Series B. Adelaide : B.A.N.Z.A.R. Expedition Committee Vol. 2 284 pp. [226].

  Type data:

   Lectotype AIM LB.11857 Skin, Atlas Cove, Heard Island [53°01'S, 73°23'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AIM LB.11858 Skin, Atlas Cove, Heard Island [53°01'S, 73°23'E]; AIM LB.11859 Skin, Atlas Cove, Heard Island [53°01'S, 73°23'E].

  Type locality references:

  Gill, B.J. 1983. Type specimens of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in the Auckland Institute and Museum. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 20: 203–215 [211].

Distribution

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

History of changes

• Carbo purpurascens Brandt, J.F. 1837. Observations sur plusiers especes nouvelles du genre Carbo ou Phalacrocorax qui se trouvent dan le museum de l'Academie des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 3 16: 53-57 [56].
• Phalacrocorax traversi Rothschild. L.W. 1898. Untitled. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 8(58): xxi-xxii [xxi].

  Type data:

   Lectotype AMNH 730169 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].
  Paralectotype(s) AMNH 730169 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E]; AMNH 730170 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E]; AMNH 730171 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E]; AMNH 730172 Skin, Macquarie Island [54°37'S, 158°52'E].

  Type locality references:

  Hartert, E. 1925. Types of Birds in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 32(6): 259-276 [274]; Greenway, J.C. Jnr 1973. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 1. Tinamidae, Spheniscidae, Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae, Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Ardeidae, Cochleariidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anatidae, Cathartidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Megapodiidae, Cracidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae, Numididae, Meleagrididae, Turnicidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Rallidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150(3): 207-346 [273].

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Halieus verrucosus Cabanis, J.L. 1875. Protokol der LXXV. Monats-Sitzung. No. 132. Journal für Ornithologie 23: 448-45 [Date published 1876: Pl. 1, fig. 1] [450].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Unknown (Unlocated), New Zealand.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Ship assisted records in WA and Heard Island

IBRA

WA: Swan Coastal Plain (SWA)

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

Distribution References

General References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [105] (listed as a vagrant)

Common Name References

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Kerguelen Shag)

History of changes

• Microcarbo Bonaparte, C.L. 1856. Excursion dans les divers Musées d'Allemagne , de Hollande et de Belgique, et Tableaux paralléliques de l'ordre des Échassiers (suite). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 43: 571- 579 [577].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas, 1773 (originally spelled pygmeus) by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Mathews, G.M. 1927. Systema Avium Australasianarum. A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region. London : British Ornithologists' Union Pt 1 iv 426 pp. [228]; Condon, H.T. 1975. Checklist of the Birds of Australia. Part 1 Non-Passerines. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union xx 311 pp. [47]; Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [142].
• Haliëtor Heine, F. 1860. Catalogue of birds collected on the rivers Camma and Ogopbai, Western Africa, by Mr. P.B. du Chaillu in 1858, with notes and descriptions of new species by John Cassin. Journal für Ornithologie 8(3 (No. 45)): 186-203 [202].

  Type species:

   Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas, 1773 by original designation.

  Secondary source:

   Tennyson, A.J.D. 2010. Order PELECANIFORMES: Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants and Allies. pp.138-155 in Gill, B.G., Bell, B.D., Chambers, G.K., Medway, D.G., Palma, R.L., Scofield, R.P., Tennyson, A.J.D. & Worthy, T.H. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Wellington : Te Papa Press 4th Edn, 500 pp. [143].
• Melanocarbo Bernstein, H.A. 1883. Dagboek van Dr. H.A. Bernstein's laatste reis van Ternate naar Nieaw-Guinea, Salawati en Batanta 17 October 1864 - 19 April 1885 edited by Mr. S.C.J.W. Van Musschenbroek met aanteekeningen, bijlagen en eene kaart. Tijdschrift Bijdragen tot de taal-land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie uit gegeven door het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-lan-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie [119] [a possible error for Microcarbo Bonaparte].
• Melanoleucos Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. [41] (Nomen nudum [error for Microcarbo Bernstein, 1883 = Microcarbo Bonaparte, 1856]).

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Eyre Yorke Block (EYB), Finke (FIN), Flinders Lofty Block (FLB), Flinders (FLI), Gascoyne (GAS), Gawler (GAW), Gibson Desert (GD), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Kanmantoo (KAN), King (KIN), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Transition (15), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Distribution References

Common Name References

Anonymous 1969. An Index of Australian Bird Names. Division of WIldlife Research Technical Paper. Canberra : CSIRO Vol. No. 20 pp. 93. [10] (Frilled Shag, Little Black-and-white Cormorant, Little Black-and-white Shag, Little Cormorant, Shag)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 1994. The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Monograph 2. Melbourne : Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union iv 112 pp. (Little Pied Cormorant)

Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing 288 pp. [20] (Little Pied Cormorant)

History of changes