• PARAMOEBIDAE Poche, F. 1913. Das System der Protozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 30: 125-321.

Introduction

Pseudopodia without filamentous core, with blunt, digitiform subpseudopodia, complex surface layer differentiated as cuticle or boat-shaped microscales, uninucleate with central nucleolus, some with parasomes (DNA-rich inclusions adjacent to nucleus).

Specimens thought to represent the genus Mayorella Schaeffer, 1926 have been found in New South Wales, but have not been identified to species level. RV Southern Surveyor voyage SS2010_V09, Australia (2010).

History of changes

• Neoparamoeba Page, F.C. 1987. The classification of 'naked' amoebae of phylum Rhizopoda. Archiv für Protistenkunde 133: 199–217 [211].

  Type species:

   Paramoeba pemaquidensis Page, 1970 by original designation, see Page, F.C. 1970. Two new species of Paramoeba from Maine. Journal of Protozoology 17: 421-427.

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Young, N.D., Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F. & Morrison, R.N. 2007. Neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 1469-1481

Introduction

Unidentified species recorded from Tasmania.

Distribution

IBRA

Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 [SALMONIDAE] Atlantic Salmon (from gills & antibodies (using ELISA protocol))).

Extra Ecological Information

Unidentified species of Neoparamoeba have been found in the listed parasite hosts.

Diagnosis

Small to moderate sized amoebae, somewhat flattened. Locomotion monopodial with conical, tapering subpseudopodia emerging from an anterior lobopodium. All species carry a DNA-containing body, the parasome (now known to be a eukaryotic endosymbiont) adjacent to the nucleus. Exclusively marine. Certain species are agents of amoebic gill disease in teleost fish, especially when intensively farmed, and of less well-studied infections of crustaceans and echinoderms.

General References

Adams, M.B., Ellard, K. & Nowak, B.F. 2004. Gross pathology and its relationship with histopathology of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 151-161

Adams, M.B. & Nowak, B.F. 2003. Amoebic gill disease: sequential pathology in cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 26: 601-614

Adams, M.B. & Nowak, B.F. 2004. Experimental amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: further evidence for the primary pathogenic role of Neoparamoeba sp. (Page, 1987). Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 105-113

Adams, M.B. & Nowak, B.F. 2004. Sequential pathology after initial freshwater bath treatment for amoebic gill disease in cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 163-173

Gross, K., Carson, J. & Nowak, B. 2004. Presence of anti-Neoparamoeba sp. antibodies in Tasmanian cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 81-88

Gross, K.A., Morrison, R.N., Butler, R. & Nowak, B.F. 2004. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., previously infected with Neoparamoeba sp. are not resistant to re-infection and have suppressed phagocyte function. Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 47-56

Kent, M.L. 2000. Marine netpen farming leads to infections with some unusual parasites. International Journal for Parasitology 30: 321-326

Morrison, R.N., Crosbie, P.B.B. & Nowak, B.F. 2004. The induction of laboratory-based amoebic gill disease revisited. Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 445-449

Nowak, B.F. 2007. Parasitic diseases in marine cage culture — an example of experimental evolution of parasites? International Journal for Parasitology 37: 581-588

History of changes

• Neoparamoeba branchiphila Dyková, I., Nowak, B.F., Crosbie, P.B.B., Fiala, I., Pecková, H., Adams, M., Macháčková, B. & Dvořáková, H. 2005. Neoparamoeba branchiphila n. sp., and related species of the genus Neoparamoeba Page, 1987: morphological and molecular characterization of selected strains. Journal of Fish Diseases 28: 49-64.

Distribution

IBRA

Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Ecological Descriptors

Ectoparasitic (host(s): Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 [SALMONIDAE] Atlantic Salmon (gills)), parasitic.

Associated Fauna References

Dyková, I., Nowak, B.F., Crosbie, P.B.B., Fiala, I., Pecková, H., Adams, M., Macháčková, B. & Dvořáková, H. 2005. Neoparamoeba branchiphila n. sp., and related species of the genus Neoparamoeba Page, 1987: morphological and molecular characterization of selected strains. Journal of Fish Diseases 28: 49-64 (Salmo salar)

Young, N.D., Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F. & Morrison, R.N. 2007. Neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 1469-1481 (Salmo salar)

History of changes

• Paramoeba pemaquidensis Page, F.C. 1970. Two new species of Paramoeba from Maine. Journal of Protozoology 17: 421-427.

Generic Combinations

• Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Page, 1970). —
  Page, F.C. 1987. The classification of 'naked' amoebae of phylum Rhizopoda. Archiv für Protistenkunde 133: 199–217

Distribution

IBRA

Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Ecological Descriptors

Ectoparasitic (host(s): Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 [SALMONIDAE] Atlantic Salmon (gills of wild & experimental animals & PCR); Thyrsites atun Euphrasen, 1791 [GEMPYLIDAE] Barracouta (gills); Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827 [SYNGNATHIDAE] Big-belly Seahorse (gills of experimental animal); Rhombosolea tapirina Günther, 1862 [PLEURONECTIDAE] Greenback Flounder (gills of experimental animal); Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) [SALMONIDAE] Rainbow Trout (gills)), parasitic.

Associated Fauna References

Adams, M.B. & Nowak, B.F. 2001. Distribution and structure of lesions in the gills of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., affected with amoebic gill disease. Journal of Fish Diseases 24: 535-542 (Salmo salar)

Bridle, A.R., Butler, R. & Nowak, B.F. 2003. Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increase resistance against amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 26: 367-371 (Salmo salar)

Clark, A. & Nowak, B.F. 1999. Field investigations of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Tasmania. Journal of Fish Diseases 22: 433-443 (Salmo salar)

Douglas-Helders, G.M., Dawson, D.R., Carson, J. & Nowak, B.F. 2002. Wild fish are not a significant reservoir for Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Page, 1987). Journal of Fish Diseases 25: 569-574 (Rhombosolea tapirina; Hippocampus abdominalis; Salmo salar)

Douglas-Helders, G.M., Handlinger, J., Carson, J. & Nowak, B.F. 2003. Assessment over time of the infectivity of gill-derived and seawater dispersed Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Page, 1987). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 23: 35-39 (Salmo salar)

Douglas-Helders, G.M., O'Brien, D.P., McCorkell, B.E., Zilberg, D., Gross, A., Carson, J. & Nowak, B.F. 2003. Temporal and spatial distribution of paramoebae in the water column - a pilot study. Journal of Fish Diseases 26: 231-240 (Salmo salar)

Douglas-Helders, G.M., Saksida, S., Raverty, S. & Nowak, B.F. 2001. Temperature as a risk factor for outbreaks of amoebic gill disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 21: 114-116 (Salmo salar)

Douglas-Helders, G.M., Tan, C., Carson, J. & Nowak, B.F. 2003. Effects of copper-based antifouling treatment on the presence of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis Page, 1987 on nets and gills of reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 221: 13-22 (Salmo salar)

Dyková, I., Nowak, B.F., Crosbie, P.B.B., Fiala, I., Pecková, H., Adams, M., Macháčková, B. & Dvořáková, H. 2005. Neoparamoeba branchiphila n. sp., and related species of the genus Neoparamoeba Page, 1987: morphological and molecular characterization of selected strains. Journal of Fish Diseases 28: 49-64 (Salmo salar)

Lom, J. & Dykova, I. 1992. Protozoan parasites of fishes. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. Amsterdam : Elsevier Vol. 26. (Salmo salar)

Munday, B.L., Zilberg, D. & Findlay, V. 2001. Gill disease of marine fish caused by infection with Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. Journal of Fish Diseases 24: 497-507 (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Thyrsites atun)

Parsons, H., Nowak, B., Fisk, D. & Powell, M. 2001. Effectiveness of commercial freshwater bathing as a treatment against amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 195: 205-210 (Salmo salar)

Powell, M.D., Forster, M.E. & Nowak, B.F. 2002. Apparent vascular hypertension associated with amoebic gill disease affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Tasmania. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 22: 328-333 (Salmo salar)

Powell, M.D., Parsons, H.J. & Nowak, B.F. 2001. Physiological effects of freshwater bathing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a treatment for amoebic gill disease. Aquaculture 199: 259-266 (Salmo salar)

Powell, M.D. & Clark, G.A. 2003. In vitro survival and the effect of water chemistry and oxidative chemical treatments on isolated gill amoebae from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 220: 135-144 (Salmo salar)

Roberts, S.D. & Powell, M.D. 2003. Comparative ionic flux and gill mucous cell histochemistry: effects of salinity and disease status in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 134: 525-537 (Salmo salar)

Villavedra, M., McCarthy, K., To, J., Morrison, R., Crosbie, P., Broady, K. & Raison, R.L. 2005. Changes in antigenic profile during culture of Neoparamoeba sp., causative agent of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon. International Journal for Parasitology 35: 1417-1423 (Salmo salar)

Wong, F.Y.K., Carson, J. & Elliott, N.G. 2004. 18S ribosomal DNA-based PCR identification of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, the agent of amoebic gill disease in sea-farmed salmonids. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 60: 65-76 (Salmo salar)

Young, N.D., Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F. & Morrison, R.N. 2007. Neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 1469-1481 (Salmo salar)

General References

Dyková, I., Figueras, A. & Peric, Z. 2000. Neoparamoeba Page, 1987: light and electron microscopic observations on six strains of different origin. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 43: 217-223

History of changes

• Neoparamoeba perurans Young, N.D., Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F. & Morrison, R.N. 2007. Neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 1469-1481.

Distribution

IBRA

Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Ecological Descriptors

Ectoparasitic (host(s): Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 [SALMONIDAE] Atlantic Salmon (gills)), parasitic.

Associated Fauna References

Young, N.D., Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F. & Morrison, R.N. 2007. Neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 1469-1481 (Salmo salar)

History of changes

• Paramoeba Schaudinn, F. 1896. Über den Zeugungskreis von Paramoeba eilhardi n.g., n.sp. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1: 31-41.

Distribution

IBRA

Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 [SALMONIDAE] Atlantic Salmon (from gills); Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836 [SALMONIDAE] Rainbow Trout (from gills)).

Extra Ecological Information

Unidentified species of Paramoeba have been found in the listed parasite hosts.

General References

Akhlaghi M., Munday B.L., Rough K. & Whittington R.J. 1996. Immunological aspects of amoebic gill disease in salmonids. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25: 23-31

Bryant, M.S., Lester, R.J.G. & Whittington, R.J. 1995. Immunogenicity of amoebic antigens in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 18: 9-19

Clark, A., Nowak, B., Handlinger J., Munday, B.L. & Percival, S. 1997. Clubbing and necrosis gill (CNG) syndrome in sea-caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Tasmania: an initial report. Journal of Fish Diseases 20: 59-68

Findlay, V.L., Helders, M., Munday, B.L. & Gurney, R. 1995. Demonstration of resistance to reinfection with Paramoeba sp. by Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 18: 639-642

Findlay, V.L., Zilberg, D. & Munday, B.L. 2000. Evaluation of levamisole as a treatment for amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 23: 193-198

Findlay, V.L. & Munday, B.L. 1998. Further studies on acquired resistance to amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 21: 121-125

Langdon, J.S. 1988. Diseases of introduced Australian fish in Fish Diseases. Refresher Course for Veterinarians. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney. pp. 225-276

Langdon, J.S. 1990. Major protozoan and metazoan parasitic diseases of Australian finfish. in Munday, B.L. (ed.) Fin Fish Diseases. Refresher Course for Veterinarians. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney. pp. 233-255

Langdon, J.S. 1992. Major protozoan and metazoan parasitic diseases of Australian finfish in Fin Fish Workshop, Refresher Course for Veterinarians. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney. pp. 1-26

Munday, B.L. 1988. Amoebic gill disease of salmonids. pp. 111-112 in Fish Diseases. Refresher Course for Veterinarians. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney.

Munday, B.L. 1996. Infectious diseases of finfish. in Fish Health Workshop. Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney. pp. 81-132

Munday, B.L., Foster, C.K., Roubal, F.R. & Lester, R.J.G. 1990. Paramoebic gill infection and associated pathology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Tasmania. pp. 215-222 in Perkins, F.O. & Cheng, T.C. (eds). Pathology in Marine Science. San Diego : Acadameic Press.

Munday, B.L., Lange, K., Foster, C., Lester, R.J.G. & Handlinger, J. 1993. Amoebic gill disease of sea-caged salmonids in Tasmanian waters. Tasmanian Fisheries Bulletin 28: 14-19

Nowak, B.F. & Munday, B.L. 1994. Histology of gills of Atlantic salmon during the first few months following transfer to sea water. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 14: 77-81

Roubal, F.R., Lester, R.J.G. & Foster, C.K. 1989. Studies on cultured and gill-attached Paramoeba sp. (Gymnamoebae: Paramoebidae) and the cytopathology of paramoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., from Tasmania. Journal of Fish Diseases 12: 481-492

Zilberg, D., Gross, A. & Munday, B.L. 2001. Production of salmonid amoebic gill disease by exposure to Paramoeba sp. harvested from the gills of infected fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 24: 79-82

Zilberg, D. & Munday, B.L. 2000. Pathology of experimental amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and the effect of pre-maintenance of fish in sea water on the infection. Journal of Fish Diseases 23: 401-407

History of changes

• Vexillifera Schaeffer, A.A. 1926. Taxonomy of the Amebas. Washington : Carnegie Institution of Washington Vol. 24.

Diagnosis

Small to moderate sized amoebae, somewhat flattened, with monopodial locomotion. Finely tapering subpseudopodia emerge from an anterior lobopodium and may be as long as the cell body, often waving, bending and retracting rather than attaching to the substrate. Cell surface seen as amorphous glycocalyx or differentiated into dicrete hexagonal glycostyles.

History of changes

• Vexillifera bacillipedes Page, F.C. 1969. Mitosis and pseudopod formation in Vexillifera bacillipedes n. sp., a mayorellid amoeba. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 88: 394-400.

History of changes