• Palinuridae Latreille, P.A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite à l’histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome troisième. Paris : F. Dufart xii + 13–467 + [1] pp. [An "X" (title page = 1802)] [31] [as Palinurini; name, in corrected spelling, placed on Official List of Family Group Names in Zoology, see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1958. Opinion 519. Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of twenty-three genera of Macrura Reptantia (Class Crustacea) and use of the Plenary Powers in regard to three matters concerned therewith. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 19: 133–168].

  Secondary source:

   International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1958. Opinion 519. Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of twenty-three genera of Macrura Reptantia (Class Crustacea) and use of the Plenary Powers in regard to three matters concerned therewith. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 19: 133-168.
• Synaxidae Spence Bate, C. 1881. On Synaxes, a new genus of Crustacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London 5 7: 220-228.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Davie, P.J.F. 1990. A new genus and species of marine crayfish, Palibythus magnificus, and new records of Palinurellus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) from the Pacific Ocean. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 685-695
• Tsang, L. M., Chan, T.Y., Cheung, M.K. & Chu, K.H. 2009. Molecular evidence for the Southern Hemisphere origin and deep sea diversification of spiny lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48: 359–368

Introduction

This family includes the most commercially important marine lobsters (or crayfish) in Australia. Six of the eight known world genera are found in Australian waters. The Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus cygnus) is principally caught in waters off southern Western Australia, and forms the basis of the largest single species fishery in Australia, with a value in excess of $AUS.200 million annually. The Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsi) and the Eastern Rock Lobster (Jasus verreauxi) are also significant economically, the latter attaining weights of up to 8 kg, making it the largest rock lobster in the world. Other tropical Spiny Lobsters (Panulirus species) are also very popular, but of less fisheries importance because they tend not to enter traps. Some deeper water species such as the Red Spear Lobster or Champagne Cray (Linuparus trigonus) and the Whip Lobster (Puerulus angulatus) are also found occasionally in the market-place, but are mostly an incidental or off-season fishery at present.

Important works for the identification and biology of Australian species include: George & Kensler (1970); George (1966, 1968, 1983); Phillips et al. (1980); Booth et al. (1990); Holthuis (1991); and Chan (1998). George & Main (1967) wrote an interesting account of the evolution of the Palinuridae.

Diagnosis

Moderate to large lobsters. Body tubular or slightly flattened dorsoventrally; setae, if present, few and scattered. Carapace subcylindrical or box-like, laterally rounded or straight; without a well-developed rostrum; ornamented with spines and granules of various sizes, sometimes with scale-like sculpture (Justitia). Eyes well developed, each protected by a strong, spinous frontal projection of the carapace (frontal horns). Antennae thick, very long, whip-like or spear-like; antennal scale absent; antennulae slender and each with two flagella which may be long or short. Bases of antennae often separated by a broad antennular plate, usually bearing some spines. In some genera a fleshy lobe is developed from the base of the antenna, and forms a stridulatory organ in conjunction with the smooth rim of the antennal plate; a low grating or sqeaking sound is produced by rubbing of the antenna. Pereiopods generally simple, non-chelate; first pair the same length, or only slightly longer than subsequent pairs (except in male Justitia longimanus), but often somewhat more robust. Abdomen and tailfan well developed, thickly muscled; posterior half of tailfan soft and flexible; abdominal somites either smooth or each provided with one or more transverse grooves. (After Chan 1998).

General References

Booth, J.D., Street, R.J. & Smith, P.J. 1990. Systematic status of the rock lobsters Jasus edwardsi from New Zealand and Jasus novaehollandiae from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 24(2): 239-249

Chan, T.-Y. 1998. Lobsters. pp. 973-1043 in Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (eds). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fisheries Purposes. Rome : FAO Vol. 2 687-1396 pp.

George, R.W. 1966. Marine crayfish or spiny lobsters of Australia. Australian Fisheries Newsletter 25(5): 25-28, 9 figs

George, R.W. 1968. Tropical spiny lobsters, Panulirus spp., of Western Australia (and the Indo-west Pacific). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 51(2): 33-38

George, R.W. 1983. New finds of deepwater "Lobster" on the Northwest shelf. Fins, Fishery News Western Australia 16(1): 16-20 5 figs

George, R.W. & Kensler, C.B. 1970. Recognition of marine spiny lobsters of the Jasus lalandii group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 4(3): 292-311

George, R.W. & Main, A.R. 1967. The evolution of spiny lobsters (Palinuridae): a study of evolution in the marine environment. Evolution 21: 803-820

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292

Phillips, B.F., Morgan, G.R. & Austin, C.M. 1980. Synopsis of biological data on the Western Rock Lobster Panulirus cygnus George, 1962. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Fisheries Synopsis 128: 1-64

History of changes

• Jasus Parker, T.J. 1883. On the structure of the head in Palinurus with special reference to the classification of the genus. Nature (London) 29: 189-190 1 pl. [190] [name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1961. Opinion 612. Jasus Parker, 1883 (Crustacea, Decapoda); added to the Official List. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 18: 312–315; gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Palinurus lalandii H. Milne Edwards, 1837 by subsequent designation, see Holthuis, L.B. 1960. Proposed addition of the generic name Jasus Parker, 1883, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 17(6–8): 193-196.

  Secondary source:

   International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1961. Opinion 612. Jasus Parker, 1883 (Crustacea, Decapoda); added to the Official List. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 18: 312-315.
• Palinosytus Spence Bate, C. 1888. Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 24: 1-942, i-xc figs 1-76 pls 1-150 [93] [name placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Genus-Group Names in Zoology, see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1961); gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Palinurus lalandii H. Milne Edwards, 1837 by subsequent designation, see Holthuis, L.B. 1960. Proposed addition of the generic name Jasus Parker, 1883, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 17(6–8): 193-196.

  Secondary source:

   International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1961. Opinion 612. Jasus Parker, 1883 (Crustacea, Decapoda); added to the Official List. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 18: 312-315.

Taxonomic Decision for Subgeneric Arrangement

• Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [95]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

S Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

IBRA

NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, WA: Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE)

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

History of changes

• Palinurus edwardsii Hutton, F. 1875. Descriptions of two new species of Crustaceans from New Zealand: Sesarma pentagona and Palinurus edwardsii. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 7: 279-280 [279].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MONZ (apparently now lost, see Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i–viii, 1–292 [97]), 'Otago Heads' near Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand.
• Jasus novaehollandiae Holthuis, L.B. 1963. Preliminary descriptions of some new species of Palinuridae (Crustacea Decapoda, Macrura Reptantia). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen 66C: 54-60 [56].

  Type data:

   Holotype RMNH D10642 ♂, off the coast of NSW near Maroubra, Sydney.
  Paratype(s) RMNH D14509 2 specimens, SE Australia, Bass Strait; AM E734; AM E1086; AM E1087; AM E1088; AM E1322; USNM.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Booth, J.D., Street, R.J. & Smith, P.J. 1990. Systematic status of the rock lobsters Jasus edwardsi from New Zealand and Jasus novaehollandiae from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 24(2): 239-249 [239]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

New Zealand.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Coral reef, littoral, rock bottom, sublittoral.

Extra Ecological Information

Found on rocky onshore and offshore reefs with sufficient hiding places, nocturnal, mating and egg-laying occurs from May to July after female moults, depth 0 to 200 m.

General References

Davie, P. 2002. Crustacea: Malacostraca: Phyllocarida, Hoplocarida, Eucarida (Part 1). In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.3A. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia xii 551 pp. [424] (in literature prior to 1963 the species was usually indicated as Jasus lalandii as it was not distinguished from the Cape Rock Lobster)

Hale, H.M. 1927. The Crustaceans of South Australia. Eumalacostraca. Adelaide : Government Printer Vol. 1 201 pp., 202 figs. [65] (natural history)

History of changes

• Linuparus White, A. 1847. List of the Specimens of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum. London : British Museum viii 143 pp. [Date published Apr/1847] [70] [gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Palinurus trigonus Von Siebold, 1824 by monotypy.
• Podocratus Geinitz, H.B. 1849. Das Quadersandsteingebirge oder Kreidegebirge in Deutschland. 96 pp. [96] [gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Podocratus duelmense Geinitz, 1849 by monotypy.
• Thenops Bell, T. 1858. A Monograph of the Fossil Malacostracous Crustacea of Great Britain. Vol. 1. 33 pp. [33] [gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Thenops scyllariformis Bell, 1858 by monotypy.
• Avus Ortmann, A.E. 1891. Dass. III. Die abteilungen der Reptantia Boas: Homaridea, Loricata und Thalassinidea. Zoologische Jahrbücher 6: 1-58 pl. 1 [15, 21] [gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Palinurus trigonus Von Siebold, 1824 by monotypy.
• Eolinuparus Mertin, H. 1941. Decapode Krebse aus dem subhercynen und Braunschweiger Emscher und Untersenon sowie Bemerkungen über einige verwandte Formen in der Oberkreide. Nova Acta Leopoldina n. ser. 10(68): 1-215 [215] [gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Thenops carteri Reed, 1911 by original designation.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [111]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific Oceans.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Linuparus sordidus Bruce, A.J. 1965. A new species of the genus Linuparus White, from the South China Sea (Crustacea Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 41(1): 1-13 2 pls [1 pls 1, 2].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1965.5.21.1 ♀, South China Sea.
  Paratype(s) RMNH D21213 ♂, South China Sea, N part.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Northern South China Sea.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, sand bottom.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 200–414 m.

General References

George, R.W. 1983. New finds of deepwater "Lobster" on the Northwest shelf. Fins, Fishery News Western Australia 16(1): 16-20 5 figs

Griffin, D.J.G. & Stoddart, H.E. 1995. Deep-water decapod Crustacea from eastern Australia: lobsters of the families Nephropidae, Palinuridae, Polychelidae and Scyllaridae. Records of the Australian Museum 47(3): 231-263 [Date published 1 December 1995] [236]

History of changes

• Palinurus trigonus Siebold, G.T. de [P.F.von] 1824. De historiae naaturalis in Japonia statu, nec non de augmento emolumentisque in decursu perscrutationum exspectandis Disserttio, cui accedunt Spicilegia Faune Japonicae. Batavia. 16 pp. [15].

  Type data:

   Lectotype RMNH D5611 1 dry specimen, Omura Bay, Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan.
  Paralectotype(s) RMNH D5610 3 dry specimens, Japan; BMNH; USNM.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Holthuis, L.B. 1966. On spiny lobsters of the genera Palinurellus, Linuparus and Puerulus (Crustacea Decapoda, Palinuridae). Proceedings of the Symposium on Crustacea, Ernakalum 1: 260-278 [265].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

West Pacific (Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines).

IMCRA

Northwest Shelf Province (27), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, continental shelf, continental slope, sublittoral.

Extra Ecological Information

Bottom sandy-mud, sometimes with shells, depth 30–414 m.

General References

Holthuis, L.B. 1946. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition XIV. The Decapoda Macrura of the Snellius Expedition. I. The Stenopodidae, Nephropsidae, Scyllaridae and Palinuridae. Temminckia 7: 1-177 11 pls [121] (full synonymy)

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [111, 114]

Wassenberg, T.J. &Hill, B.J. 1989. Diets of four decapod crustaceans (Linupurus trigonus, Metanephrops andamanicus, M. australiensis and M. boschmai) from the continental shelf around Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 103: 161-167

Williams, A.B. 1986. Lobsters—Identification, world distribution, and the U.S. trade. Marine Fisheries Review 48(2): 1-36 figs 1-80 (identification)

History of changes

• Palinurellus von Martens, 1878.

  Type species:

   Palinurellus gundlachi von Martens, 1878 by monotypy.

Distribution

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23)

History of changes

• Araeosternus wieneckii de Man, J.G. 1881. Carcinological studies in the Leyden Musesum. No. 1. Notes from the Leyden Museum 3(27): 121-144.

  Type data:

   Holotype RMNH D 965, Pulau Tikus, western Sumatra, Indonesia.

Generic Combinations

• Palinurellus wieneckii (de Man, 1881).

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Wide ranging in the Indo-West Pacific

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23)

Distribution References

History of changes

• Panulirus White, A. 1847. List of the Specimens of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum. London : British Museum viii 143 pp. [Date published Apr/1847] [69] [gender masculine].

  Type species:

   Palinurus japonicus Von Siebold, 1824 by subsequent designation, see Holthuis, L.B. 1956. Proposed addition to the "Official List of Generic Names in Zoology" of the names of twenty-five genera of Macrura Reptantia (class Crustacea, order Decapoda), including proposals for the use of the plenary powers (a) to validate the spelling of "Cherax" and "Cheraps" by Erichson in 1846, (b) to suppress the specific name "goudotii" Guérin-Méneville, 1839, as published in the combination "Astacoides goudotii", and (c) to validate the emendation to "Palinurus" of the generic name "Pallinurus" Weber, 1795. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12: 107-119 [55].
• Phyllosoma Leach, W.E. 1818. A general notice of the animals taken by Mr. John Cranch, during the expedition to explore the source of the river Zaire. 1 unnumbered plate (1817), Appendix 4 (1818). pp. 407-419 in Tuckey, J.K. (ed.). Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, under the direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N., to which is added, the Journal of Professor Smith, Some general observations on the country and its inhabitants, and an Appendix: Containing the natural history of that part of the Kingdom of Congo through which the Zaire flows. London : John Murray 498 pp. [pl. not numbered] [name suppressed under plenary powers of ICZN, see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1958. Opinion 507. Use of the Plenary Powers to secure that the generic name Panulirus White, 1847 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) shall be the oldest name for the genus concerned. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 18: 197–210, and placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology; gender neuter].

  Type species:

   Phyllosoma commune Leach, 1818 by subsequent designation, see Holthuis, L.B. 1956. Proposed addition to the "Official List of Generic Names in Zoology" of the names of twenty-five genera of Macrura Reptantia (class Crustacea, order Decapoda), including proposals for the use of the plenary powers (a) to validate the spelling of "Cherax" and "Cheraps" by Erichson in 1846, (b) to suppress the specific name "goudotii" Guérin-Méneville, 1839, as published in the combination "Astacoides goudotii", and (c) to validate the emendation to "Palinurus" of the generic name "Pallinurus" Weber, 1795. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12: 107-119.

  Secondary source:

   International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1958. Opinion 507. Use of the Plenary Powers to secure that the generic name Panulirus White, 1847 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) shall be the oldest name for the genus concerned. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 18: 197-210.
• Senex Pfeffer, G. 1881. Die Panzerkrebse des Hamburger Museum. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 5: 22-55 [30] [replacement name for, and thereby junior objective synonym of Panulirus White, 1847, junior homonym of Senex Gray, 1838 (Aves); gender masculine].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [128]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Circumtropical.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Central Eastern Transition (15), Kenn Transition (16), Kenn Province (17), Northeast Province (18), Northeast Transition (19), Cape Province (20), Christmas Island Province (23), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

History of changes

• Panulirus cygnus George, R.W. 1962. Description of Panulirus cygnus sp. nov., the commercial crayfish (or spiny lobster) of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 45(4): 100-110 2 pls 4 figs [100 pls 1-2, text-figs].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM 90-62 ♂, Radar Reef, Rottnest Island, WA.
  Paratype(s) RMNH D13107 5 specimens, Rottnest Island, Radar Reef and Strickland Bay, WA; WAM 9319; WAM 257-37 to 260-37; WAM 64/5-53; WAM 40/1-58; WAM 51-58; WAM 53/4-58; RMNH D13107; WAM 69-58, 91-62 to 125-37 41♂ 53♀.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Benthic, coral reef, littoral, rock reef, sublittoral.

Extra Ecological Information

Nocturnal, undertake limited migrations, depth 0 to 120 m.

General References

Williams, A.B. 1986. Lobsters—Identification, world distribution, and the U.S. trade. Marine Fisheries Review 48(2): 1-36 figs 1-80 (identification)

History of changes

• Palinurus femoristriga Martens, E. von 1872. Ueber Cubanische Crustaceen nach den Sammlungen Dr J. Gundlach's. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 38(1): 77-147 pls 4, 5 [125].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMB 1333 ♀, Amboina [Ambon], Moluccas, Indonesia.
• Panulirus albiflagellum Chan, T.Y. & Chu, K.H. 1996. On the different forms of Panulirus longipes femoristriga (von Martens, 1872) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 30: 367-387 [378].

  Type data:

   Holotype NTOU H-1984-9-14 ♂, Keelung, Taiwan.
  Paratype(s) NTOU P-1991-11-22 ♂, I-Lan County, Pei-Kuan, Taiwan; NTOU 1990 ♂, Taiwan; NTOU P-1990-12 1♂ 1♀, Taiwan; NTOU P-1991-8 ♂, Taiwan; NTOU P-1992-10-26 ♂, Taiwan; NTOU 1991-1992 9♂ 3♀, Indonesia; MNHP ♂, Indonesia; RMNH D17447 ♀, Biak Is., Sorido, west New Guinea.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Chan, T.Y. & Ng, P.K.L. 2001. On the nomenclature of the commercially important spiny lobsters Panulirus longipes femoristriga (Von Martens, 1872), P. bispinosus Borradaile, 1899, and P. albiflagellum Chan & Chu, 1996 (Decapoda, Palinuridae). Crustaceana 74(1): 123-127 [125]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Australian distribution unknown (see below), east Indo-west Pacific Oceans (with certainty from Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Vietnam, and Maldive Islands, presumed present in Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and French Polynesia).

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Coral reef, rock reef, subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth to about 20 m.

General References

Davie, P. 2002. Crustacea: Malacostraca: Phyllocarida, Hoplocarida, Eucarida (Part 1). In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.3A. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia xii 551 pp. [427] (P. femoristriga has been commonly reported from Australia as a subspecies of P. longipes, but as Chan & Ng (2001) have shown, the Australian records that have been confirmed, belong to P. longipes bispinosus. However, the distributional ranges of these two taxa are still uncertain, and it seems likely from the present records that true P. femoristriga will be found on the reefs of northern Australia, now that the distinguishing characters have been clearly defined. Therefore I am provisionally continuing to include this species in the Australian fauna)

History of changes

• Cancer homarus Linnaeus, C. 1758. Cancer. pp. 625-634 in Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundem classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Vol. 1 10 Edn., 824 pp. [633].

  Type data:

   Lectotype specimen figured by <0943> [pl. 1 fig. A], Amboina [Ambon], Moluccas, Indonesia.

  Subsequent designation references:

  Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [140].
• Palinurus dasypus Milne Edwards, H. 1837. Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, comprenant l'anatomie, la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux. Paris : Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret Vol. 2 532 pp., Atlas 32 pp., 42 pls. [300].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) MNHP (no longer extant, not located in 1989), India.
• Panulirus burgeri De Haan, W. 1841. Crustacea. 1-243 pls A-J, L-Q, 1-55, circ. tab. 2 in Von Siebold, P.F. (ed.). Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio Animalium, quae in Itinere per Japoniam, Jussu et Auspiciis Superiorum, qui Summum in India Batava Imperium Tenent, Suscepto, Annis 1823–1830 Collegit, Notis, Observationibus et Adumbrationibus Illustravit. Leiden : Lugundi-Batavorum. [published from 1833–1850] [159 pls 43, 44 fig. 1].

  Type data:

   Holotype RMNH D21129 dry ♂, Japan, probably Nagasaki area.

  Type locality references:

  Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292.
• Panulirus burgeri megasculpta Pesta, O. 1915. Bemerkungen zu einigen Langusten (Palinuridae) und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematischen-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 124/I: 3-12 2 figs 1 pl. [7].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) BMNH 5♂ 2♀, Qishn, South Yemen.
• Panulirus homarus rubellus Berry, P.F. 1974. A revision of the Panulirus homarus group of spiny lobsters (Decapoda, Palinuridae). Crustaceana 27(1): 31-42 2 pls [41].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) SAM, South Africa [Natal and Zululand], S Mozambique and SE Madagascar; RMNH D29843 ♂ ♀, Durban, Natal, South Africa; BMNH 1928.12.1.326, South Africa [Natal and Zululand], S Mozambique and SE Madagascar; BMNH 1925.8.18.86–87, South Africa [Natal and Zululand], S Mozambique and SE Madagascar.

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [128, 139]

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west Pacific Oceans.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Littoral, rock bottom, sublittoral.

Extra Ecological Information

Often found in the surf zone, sometimes in somewhat turbid water, depth 1–90 m, usually 1 to 5 m.

General References

Holthuis, L.B. 1946. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition XIV. The Decapoda Macrura of the Snellius Expedition. I. The Stenopodidae, Nephropsidae, Scyllaridae and Palinuridae. Temminckia 7: 1-177 11 pls [128, 134] (full synonymy)

History of changes

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, 13: i-viii, 1-292 [130, 145]

Taxonomic Decision for Subspecies Arrangement

• Chan, T.Y. & Ng, P.K.L. 2001. On the nomenclature of the commercially important spiny lobsters Panulirus longipes femoristriga (Von Martens, 1872), P. bispinosus Borradaile, 1899, and P. albiflagellum Chan & Chu, 1996 (Decapoda, Palinuridae). Crustaceana 74(1): 123-127 [125]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Indo-west central Pacific Oceans.

IMCRA

Southeast Transition (11), Central Eastern Province (12), Tasman Basin Province (13), Christmas Island Province (23), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

History of changes

• Panulirus bispinosus Borradaile, L.A. 1900. On the Stomatopoda and Macrura brought by Dr Willey from the South Seas. pp. 395-428 in Willey, A. (ed.). Zoological Results based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and Elsewhere, collected during the Years 1895, 1896, and 1897. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. [418].

  Type data:

   Holotype UMZC ♂, Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

West Pacific Ocean (Japan south through Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, New Hebrides, Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands, and New Caledonia).

IMCRA

Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Ecological Descriptors

Coral reef, rock reef, subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Clear or slightly turbid water, nocturnal, depth 1 to 18 m.

General References

Chan, T.Y. & Chu, K.H. 1996. On the different forms of Panulirus longipes femoristriga (von Martens, 1872) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae), with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 30: 367-387 [369] (description and figures, under the misidentification of P. longipes femoristriga)

Healey, A. & Yaldwyn, J. 1970. Australian Crustaceans in Colour. Sydney : A.H. & A.W. Reed 112 pp. [55] (colour photograph (as P. longipes))

History of changes