Phylum KAMPTOZOA


Compiler and date details

29 April 2005 - Rick Johnson

Introduction

After Wasson (2002)
Kamptozoans are tiny, tentaculate suspension feeders that live in all oceans of the world. Clonal aggregations of independent zooids are found on invertebrate hosts, while colonies of interconnected zooids grow on various substrata. Each zooid has the shape of a wine glass: a bowl-shaped calyx is supported by a slender, flexible stalk that attaches basally to the substratum. The calyx is ringed by a horseshoe of ciliated feeding tentacles and contains a U-shaped gut, a small ganglion, a pair of protonephridia and one or two pairs of gonads. The space enclosed by the tentacles forms an atrium, the deepest part of which serves as a brood chamber for developing embryos.

Kamptozoan zooids actively bend and twist. Their characteristic motion is reflected in the phylum's scientific name (Greek: kamptestai =to bend) and its common name, "nodding heads". Another name for the phylum, Entoprocta, is less appropriate because it suggests an affiliation with the Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) and it implies erroneously that the anus is completely enclosed by the tentacular ciliation. Kamptozoans bear only a superficial resemblance to bryozoans, with which they were once grouped. Developmentally, kamptozoans are spiralians, but their phylogenetic relationships to other metazoans remain enigmatic.

About 150 species have been described worldwide but kamptozoan diversity probably exceeds 500 species (Nielsen 1989). While they are widespread and are quite abundant in some microhabitats, most of the world's kamptozoans are poorly characterised or not known at all, because most species are tiny and easily overlooked. Kamptozoans occur in all oceans, from the intertidal zone to several hundred metres depth. A few colonial species live in brackish water, and one in freshwater. Representatives of all three major families (Loxosomatidae, Pedicellinidae, Barentsiidae) have been found in every marine region that has been thoroughly surveyed. The fourth family (Loxokalypodidae) has been found only once, in the north-eastern Pacific.

Wasson (2002) provides a synthesis of current knowledge about Kamptozoa, updating the last general English-language description of the phylum provided by Hyman in 1951.

Currently, 16 species are described from Australian waters, but many more remain to be discovered. The Australian fauna is unusually rich and varied and includes the world's largest kamptozoan species, Pedicellinopsis fruticosa, and also some of the world's smallest kamptozoans, tiny Loxosomella species on bryozoan hosts. However, little is known of Australian kamptozoans, with published reports and museum specimens of this group being very scarce, and with only a few detailed taxonomic investigations.

Acknowledgements

Text originally prepared for ABRS by Dr Kirsten Wasson, and subsequently modified by Dr Wasson for publication in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, has been used in the introductory sections of this database.

 

General References

Harmer, S.F. 1915. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Pt. 1. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga-Expéditie Report 28(A): 1-180

Hyman, L.H. 1951. The pseudocoelomate bilateria — Phylum Entoprocta. pp. 521-554 in Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company Vol. 3.

Nielsen, C. 1996. Three new species of Loxosoma (Entoprocta) from Phuket, Thailand with a review of the genus. Zoologica Scripta 25: 61-75

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20

 

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Order COLONIALES Emschermann, 1972

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Suborder STOLONATA Emschermann, 1972

Introduction

After Wasson (2003)
The sub-order Stolonata, behind Family Loxosomatidae, is the second largest natural grouping of kamptozoans. The calyces of stolonates are generally larger than those of loxosomatids, producing stronger ciliary currents that apparently free the zooids from dependence on their hosts' ciliary currents. Stolonate calyces are generally laterally compressed. Their musculature is reduced, often to just a few longitudinal strands, the atrial retractor muscles, which extend from the base of the calyx to the atrium and serve to depress it. Calyx and stalk are separated by a cuticular diaphragm and the calyx-stalk junction is spanned by the circulatory star-cell organ; the longitudinal musculature of the stalk is not continuous with that of the calyx. The stalk often bears cuticular pores or spines which vary in size and density with environmental conditions. Stolonate zooids, as their name implies, grow on cylindrical stolons that are usually divided into fertile (zooid-bearing) and sterile (no zooids) segments by transverse septa. The septa may function to space the zooids, thus avoiding interference in feeding, or may prevent damage by sealing off intact sections from harmed ones.

Stolonate kamptozoans are members of the sessile benthic community and often grow together with hydroids and bryozoans. They are preyed upon by nudibranch molluscs, some of which appear to specialise on barentsiid species; predation by turbellarian flatworms has also been observed. Although seldom conspicuous, stolonate kamptozoans are often fairly abundant. Stolonates have been collected intertidally at many sites in Australia and New Zealand by collecting various substrata (mostly sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, worm tubes and bivalve shells) in the field and examining the material in the laboratory. At some localities, an astounding 50-75% of all substrata searched were infested with stolonate kamptozoans, although the level was usually about 5-10% at other sites.

 

General References

Emschermann, P. 1972. Loxokalypus socialis gen. et sp. nov. (Kamptozoa, Loxokalypodidae fam. nov.), ein neuer Kamptozoentyp aus dem nördlichen Pazifischen Ozean. Ein Vorschlag zur Neufassung der Kamptozoensystematik. Marine Biology, Berlin 12: 237-254

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20

 

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Family BARENTSIIDAE Emschermann, 1972

Introduction

After Wasson 2002
The family Barentsiidae is characterised by the division of the stalk into wide, flexible, muscular nodes and narrow, rigid, non-muscular rods that are often perforated by pores. An incomplete cuticular septum separates each node from the rod above it. There is a minimum of one basal node and one rod apical to it, but many species have multiple alternating nodes and rods, lending a segmented appearance to the stalk.

Five genera of barentsiids are recognised — Coriella, Pseudopedicellina, Pedicellinopsis and Urnatella (the sole freshwater form), and each contains a single species. Most of the roughly thirty known barentsiid species belong to the genus Barentsia. Five barentsiid species are known from Australia (Wasson 2002), four in the genus Barentsia and one in the genus Pedicellinopsis.

 

General References

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20

 

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Genus Barentsia Hincks, 1880

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

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Species Barentsia benedini (Foettinger, 1887)

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia


Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan species found around the world in communities of fouling organisms in harbours and bays.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

General References

Chittleborough, R.G. 1952. Marine Fouling at Port Adelaide. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Adelaide. (Australian record)

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee. (Australian record)

 

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Species Barentsia discreta (Busk, 1886)

 

Distribution

Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Continental slope.

Extra Ecological Information

400 m depth.

 

General References

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee. (Australian record)

 

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Species Barentsia geniculata Harmer, 1915

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

General References

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20 (Australian record)

 

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Species Barentsia laxa Kirkpatrick, 1890

 

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Timor Transition (1), Northern Shelf Province (25), Northwest Shelf Transition (26), Northwest Shelf Province (27)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

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Genus Pedicellinopsis Hincks, 1884

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

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Species Pedicellinopsis fruticosa Hincks, 1884

 

Introduction

This is the world's largest kamptozoan species.

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Tasmania


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Continental shelf, intertidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Mostly found from 50-200 m depth, but is also reported from Ecklonia holdfasts in the low intertidal zone.

 

General References

Busk, G. 1886. Report on the Polyzoa collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part II. The Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Pedicellinea. pp. 1-47 in Wyville Thomson, C. (ed.). Reports of the Scientific Results of the Challenger Expedition, Zoology. London : Her Majesty's Stationary Office Vol. 17.

Hedley, C. 1915. An ecological sketch of the Sydney Beaches (Presidential address). Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49: 15-77

Johnston, T.H. & Angel, L.M. 1940. Endoprocta. British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition Reports, Series B (Zoology and Botany) 4: 215-231

MacGillivray, P.H. 1887. A catalogue of the marine Polyzoa of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 23: 187-224

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee.

Whitelegge, T. 1889. List of the Marine and Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of Port Jackson and the Neighbourhood. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 23: 163-323

 

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Family PEDICELLINIDAE Johnston, 1847

Introduction

After Wasson 2002
The family Pedicellinidae is considered more plesiomorphic than the Barentsiidae (Emschermann 1972); pedicellinid zooids retain a fairly simple zooidal structure, with undifferentiated stalks that have continuous musculature. Five genera are recognised, but four of these (Chitaspis, Loxosomatoides, Myosoma, Sangavella) contain only one or two species, and have not been reported from Australia or New Zealand. The larger genus Pedicellina comprises about twelve species worldwide, four of which are known from Australia (Wasson 2002).

In colder waters of this region, P. whiteleggii Johnston & Walker, 1917 is ubiquitous and can be collected readily from coastal habitats (Wasson 1995). This species is recognised by its spination, by the distinctive, glistening, double rows of large cells on the tentacles, and by its tall, particle-covered larva. In warmer waters, P. whiteleggii is replaced by another abundant species, P. compacta Harmer 1915, which is characterised by short, squat zooids ornamented with filiform spines.

A rarer pedicellinid from Otago, New Zealand, and Tasmania is Pedicellinia pyriformis Ryland, 1965. The stalks grow up to 6 mm high, and calyces can be almost 1 mm high; this species is a giant among the world's pedicellinids. Zooids are also more densely clustered in this species than in other pedicellinids. The wide stolons lack septa; the absence of intervening sterile segments allows zooids to grow very close together along the stolon.

 

General References

Emschermann, P. 1972. Loxokalypus socialis gen. et sp. nov. (Kamptozoa, Loxokalypodidae fam. nov.), ein neuer Kamptozoentyp aus dem nördlichen Pazifischen Ozean. Ein Vorschlag zur Neufassung der Kamptozoensystematik. Marine Biology, Berlin 12: 237-254

Wasson, K. 1995. The kamptozoan Pedicellina whiteleggii Johnston and Walker, 1917 and other pedicellinids in Australia and New Zealand. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 28: 131-141

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20

 

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Genus Pedicellina M. Sars, 1835

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

History of changes

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Species Pedicellina cernua (Pallas, 1774)

 

Distribution

States

South Australia


Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan species found around the world in communities of fouling organisms in harbours and bays subjected to heavy ship-traffic.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

 

General References

Chittleborough, R.G. 1952. Marine Fouling at Port Adelaide. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Adelaide. (Australian record)

Kirkpatrick, R. 1888. Polyzoa from Port Phillip. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 2: 12-21 (Australian record)

Wasson, K. 1995. The kamptozoan Pedicellina whiteleggii Johnston and Walker, 1917 and other pedicellinids in Australia and New Zealand. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 28: 131-141 [139] (Australian record)

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee.

 

History of changes

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Species Pedicellina compacta Harmer, 1915

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

 

General References

Hastings, A. 1932. The Polyzoa. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 399-458 (Australian record)

Wasson, K. 1995. The kamptozoan Pedicellina whiteleggii Johnston and Walker, 1917 and other pedicellinids in Australia and New Zealand. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 28: 131-141 [138] (Australian record)

 

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Species Pedicellina pyriformis Ryland, 1965

 

Distribution

States

Tasmania


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

3-10 m depth, common on abalone shells.

 

General References

Wasson, K. 1995. The kamptozoan Pedicellina whiteleggii Johnston and Walker, 1917 and other pedicellinids in Australia and New Zealand. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 28: 131-141 [139] (Australian record)

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee.

 

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Species Pedicellina whiteleggii Johnston & Walker, 1917

 

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Intertidal, subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Found under rocks and overhangs, on encrusting Bryozoa, serpulid polychaetes, solitary ascidians, and other living and non-living substrata in the low intertidal and shallow subtidal.

 

General References

Wasson, K. 1995. The kamptozoan Pedicellina whiteleggii Johnston and Walker, 1917 and other pedicellinids in Australia and New Zealand. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 28: 131-141 [132]

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee.

 

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Order SOLITARIA Emschermann, 1972

Introduction

After Wasson 2002
The order Solitaria contains only a single family, the Loxosomatidae. Nevertheless, it is the largest natural grouping of kamptozoans, with about 100 of the 150 described species.

 

General References

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20

 

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Family LOXOSOMATIDAE Hincks, 1880

Introduction

After Wasson 2002
Loxosomatidae is the only family belonging to Order Solitaria — nevertheless, it is the largest natural grouping of kamptozoans, with about 100 of the 150 described species. Three loxosomatid genera are currently recognised (Loxosomella, Loxomespilon and Loxosoma) and are distinguished primarily by their basal attachment structures. About 20 species of loxosomatids have been reported from Australia and New Zealand, but only seven of them are described (see Wasson (2002) for distributions of undescribed species). Many more species certainly remain to be discovered, and until more thorough surveys are undertaken, it is impossible to assess the true diversity Australia's loxosomatids.

Loxosomatids, which form clonal aggregations by calycal budding, are considered the most plesiomorphic group of kamptozoans (Emschermann 1972). The highly contractile zooids are often very small (less than 1 mm high). Calyx and stalk are not sharply separated and longitudinal musculature is continuous between them. The calyx and tentacles are generally oriented obliquely to the stalk. The calyces are often compressed in the anterior-posterior axis, sometimes so strongly that the zooids resemble paddles.

Most loxosomatids dwell on other invertebrates. In Australia and New Zealand they have been reported from various sponges, a sipunculan, various polychaetes, two hirudineans, a squat lobster, two prawns, and various bryozoans (Wasson 2002). As more potential hosts in this region are examined for the presence of loxosomatid symbionts, this list will certainly grow. Each loxosomatid species appears to have either a single host species or a limited set of potential host species. Larvae, and possibly also buds and motile adults, can colonise new hosts; it is not known whether propagule preference or differential mortality on different host species is responsible for the observed distribution of adults. Association with other invertebrates has clear benefits for the loxosomatid. The zooids are often located in the pathway of the host's feeding or respiratory water currents, which they may use for their own ciliary feeding. The host probably offers the fragile zooids protection from predation or other damage. Whether the presence of loxosomatids negatively affects their hosts is not known.

Worldwide, many loxosomatid species (about 50%) live on polychaetes; they are found on or between the parapodia, on the gills, on the chaetae, or under the elytra of members of ten polychaete families. Loxosomella diopatricola Willams, 2000 and seven undescribed species of loxosomatids are known from polychaetes in Australia and New Zealand.

While loxosomatid species diversity is highest on polychaetes, loxosomatid density is probably highest on sponges. Loxosomatids may form strikingly dense aggregations on sponges — sometimes 100,000 zooids on a fist-sized sponge. Some of these sponge-dwelling forms are unusually darkly pigmented, and an aggregation against the background of a brightly coloured sponge can be eye-catching. Two undescribed species of Loxosomella are known from sponges in Australia and New Zealand.

 

General References

Emschermann, P. 1972. Loxokalypus socialis gen. et sp. nov. (Kamptozoa, Loxokalypodidae fam. nov.), ein neuer Kamptozoentyp aus dem nördlichen Pazifischen Ozean. Ein Vorschlag zur Neufassung der Kamptozoensystematik. Marine Biology, Berlin 12: 237-254

Nielsen, C. 1996. Three new species of Loxosoma (Entoprocta) from Phuket, Thailand with a review of the genus. Zoologica Scripta 25: 61-75

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20

 

History of changes

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Genus Loxosomella Mortensen, 1911

 

Distribution

States

Queensland, South Australia


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Palaearctic Region

History of changes

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Species Loxosomella breve (Harmer, 1915)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Live on bryozoans.

 

General References

Hastings, A. 1932. The Polyzoa. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 399-458 (Australian record)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Loxosomella circulare (Harmer, 1915)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Live on bryozoans.

 

General References

Hastings, A. 1932. The Polyzoa. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 399-458 (Australian record)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Loxosomella cirriferum (Harmer, 1915)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Live on bryozoans.

 

General References

Hastings, A. 1932. The Polyzoa. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 399-458 (Australian record)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Loxosomella diopatricola Williams, 2000

 

Distribution

Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Ecological Descriptors

Commensal, sand bottom marine, subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Commensal on the gills, dorsal surface and notopodia of a tubiculous onuphid polychaete of the genus Diopatra.

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Loxosomella kefersteinii (Claparède, 1867)

 

Distribution

States

South Australia


Extra Distribution Information

Cosmopolitan.


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Palaearctic Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

0.5 m depth.

 

General References

Wasson, K. & Shepherd, S.A. 1997. Nodding heads (Phylum Kamptozoa or Entoprocta). pp. 975-992 in Shepherd, S.A. & Davies, M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Pt 3. Adelaide : South Australia Fauna and Flora Handbooks Committee. (Australian record)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Loxosomella pusillum (Harmer, 1915)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Live on bryozoans.

 

General References

Hastings, A. 1932. The Polyzoa. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 4: 399-458 (Australian record)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)

Species Loxosomella velatum (Harmer, 1915)

 

Distribution

States

Queensland


Note that conversion of the original AFD map of states, drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to IBRA and IMCRA regions may have produced errors. The new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur. The maps may not indicate the entire distribution. See further details below.

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

Oriental Region

Ecological Descriptors

Subtidal.

Extra Ecological Information

Live on bryozoans.

 

General References

Wasson, K. 2002. A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 126(1): 1-20 [19] (Australian record)

 

History of changes

Note that this list may be incomplete for dates prior to September 2013.
Published As part of group Action Date Action Type Compiler(s)
12-Feb-2010 (import)