History of changes

Introduction

The family Calohypsibiidae is characterised by claws which are asymmetric with respect to the median plane of the leg, but similar to each other and of Calohypsibius-type, that is, consisting of two branches fused together from the base and at times with an extremely shortened secondary branch. The claws are often reduced in size or even missing. Members of the family may have the bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of Hypsibiidae or ‘Macrobiotus’ type. Pilato (1989) included the genera Calohypsibius, Parhexapodibius, Haplomacrobiotus, Hexapodibius and Haplohexapodibius after confirming that all have six peribuccal lobes in them. Only members of the first two genera have so far been found in Australia. In Calohypsibius, the diploclaws are not greatly reduced and the buccal tube does not have a ventral strengthening bar. In the other genera the diploclaws and legs are all more or less reduced and the buccal tube has a strengthening bar. Two cosmopolitan species of Calohypsibius, C. caelatus (Pilato, Claxton & Binda 1989a) and C. ornatus, have been found in Australia. They have been found so far only in temperate rainforest mosses at elevation above 650 m in New South Wales and Tasmania. Smooth eggs are laid in the exuvium.

Members of this family are often found in soil or sand and the reduction in size of legs and claws is purported to be an adaptation to soil living (Dastych 1990). Three species of Parhexapodibius have been found in sand and leaf litter on Bribie Island, Queensland (Claxton unpubl. data). Parhexapodibius ramazzotti has short but normal diploclaws on all legs, the shortest being on the fourth pair of legs. Parhexapodibius pilatoi and an unidentified species have only one small diploclaw on each of the hind legs. Parhexapodibius ramazzotti has only otherwise been found in Italy in soil where smooth eggs laid in the exuvium were found. In the Bribie Island samples, no eggs were found but a high proportion of animals were encysted (24 in 26 specimens). V pilatoi has been found in Italy and North America in soil and moss on soil and in moss from Korea.

History of changes

• Calohypsibius Thulin, G. 1928. Uber die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas (Lund) 11: 207-266 [238].

  Type species:

   Calohypsibius ornatus Richters, 1900 by original designation.

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Macrobiotus ornatus Richters, F. 1900. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fauna der Umgebung von Frankfurt a. Bericht über Senckenbergischen Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main 21-44 [40].
• Hypsibius (Calohypsibius) armatus Bartoš, E. 1938. Die Tardigraden der Niederen tatra. Zoologischer Anzeiger 122: 189-194 [189].
• Hypsibius (Calohypsibius) intermedius Mihelcic, F. 1939. Tardigrada der Sanntaler Alpen (Savinjske Alpe). Prirodoslovne Razprave 3: 337-345.

Generic Combinations

• Calohypsibius ornatus (Richters, 1900). —
  Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [27]
  Thulin, G. 1928. Uber die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas (Lund) 11: 207-266 [238]
• Hypsibius ornatus (Richters, 1900). —
  Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [27]

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Parhexapodibius Pilato, G. 1969. Evoluzione e nuova sistemazione degli Eutardigrada. Bollettino di Zoologia 36: 327-345.

  Type species:

   Hypsibius (Calohypsibius) lagrecai Binda & Pilato, 1969 by original designation.

Introduction

Three species of Parhexapodibius have been found in sand and leaf litter on Bribie Island, Queensland (Claxton unpubl. data).

History of changes

Introduction

Hypsibiids are distinguished by claws which are asymmetric with respect to the median plane of the leg and the two claws are always unequal in size and different in form and dimension.The family is characterised by great diversity of claw structure and buccal apparatus structure. Many species are small and are often rarer than macrobiotids, although members of the genus Diphascon appear to be more common in soil or soily habitats and also at higher altitudes. Six of the 17 genera have a flexible section in the buccal tube and of these, the genus most commonly occurring in the Australian fauna is Diphascon.

The family is divided into subfamilies on the basis of the buccal apparatus — the buccal tube is rigid (with or without a ventral strengthening bar) in the Hypsibiinae, and has a flexible section in the Itaquasconinae and the Diphasconinae. The aquisition of a flexible section has occurred several times in the evolution of the Hypsibiidae as it has in Echiniscidae.

The Hypsibiinae comprise 11 genera: Hypsibius, Isohypsibius, Doryphoribius, Microhypsibius, Ramazzottius, Ramajendas, Pseudobiotus, Halobiotus, Thulinia, Eremobiotus and Mixibius. Representatives of the first seven of these have been found in Australia. Species of the genera Hypsibius and Isohypsibius have a simple buccal tube which does not have a ventral support. In Hypsibius, the apophyses for muscle insertion are in the form of semilunar hooks while in Isohypsibius, they form a crest. Eggs are laid in the exuvium. Doryphoribius, however has the ventral support and claws which are of Isohypsibius type. A number of species of this genus occur in Australia including the New Zealand species Doryphoribius zyxiglobus. The species Microhypsibius japonicus has now been found in moss at New England National Park, New South Wales, and it has only otherwise been found in Japan. Members of this genus have a thin, rigid buccal tube which does not have a ventral support. The claws tend to be relatively small and rather similar in size on each leg and the two branches of each claw are always inserted onto a common basal part. The secondary branch of each external claw forms a continuous arc from the basal segment as in Hypsibius. Although it has not before been cited in the Australian fauna, the genus Ramazzottius, or rather its type species R. oberhaeuseri, has been found in almost every other country. This species with its characteristic free-laid, ornamented eggs has been found at many localities in Australia, often associated with Milnesium tardigradum in habitats subject to considerable drying as it is in other countries. Another species, not yet identified, has been found in lichens at Lake George, New South Wales. The adults closely resemble those of R. oberhaeuseri but the eggs have processes in the shape of fine spicules, not small hemispheres as in R. oberhaeuseri. Like Ramazzottius, Ramajendas has external claws with a long, thin main branch. The latter genus is rare, so far found only in Antarctica and Subantarctic islands and includes true marine and terrestrial forms. The freshwater species Pseudobiotus augusti, was found by Murray in 1909 in Sydney. The claws of this species and others in the genus are typically long and quite similar in size on each foot. The accessory claw is considerably reduced.

Of the four genera in the Itaquasconinae, Itaquascon, Mesocrista, Platicrista and Parascon, representatives of only the first have so far been found in Australia. The species Itaquascon umbellinae and I. trinacriae found in mosses and lichens in Australia are cosmopolitan. Only two specimens of I. pawlowski have been found, one in mosses from the Blue Mountains and another from New England National Park, New South Wales. This species has only otherwise been found in the highlands of Poland and on Vancouver Island, Canada. This species is considered to be rare but its small size and consequent decreased chance of being found may account for the widely disjunct distribution. This genus is notable for the lack of placoids in the pharynx.

The subfamily Diphasconinae includes Diphascon and Paradiphascon and possibly Hebesuncus (Dastych 1992). This latter taxon comprises two species with bipolar distribution. H. conjungens is known from the Arctic and some high mountains in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. It has also been found in Australia at high elevations in New South Wales — Mt Kosciusko and New England National Park. This genus differs from the other two genera in this sub-family by having an asymmetrical anterior apophysis on the buccal tube and a very short, thin pharyngeal tube with relatively weak annulation. Both species in this genus lay deposit free, ornamented eggs, of the kind usually found only in the Macrobiotidae or Eohypsibiidae. Dastych (1992) suggested that Paradiphascon (found so far only in South Africa) could be most similar to an hypothetical common ancestor of Diphascon. Dastych (1992) suggested that the posterodorsal apodeme (the ‘drop-like’ structure found between the rigid and the flexible parts of the buccal tube) seems to be a unique synapomorphy of the genera Diphascon and Paradiphascon. In the subgenus Diphascon of the genus Diphascon the apodeme is round and smooth and is completely reduced (representing the most derived state), in the subgenus Adropion. Two Antarctic species (D. puniceum and D. sanae) exhibit an intermediate form of the apodeme and may merit a separate subgenus (Dastych 1992). Both species occur in Australia.

General References

Marley, N.J., McInnes, S.J. & Sands, C.J. 2011. Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela. Zootaxa 2819: 51–64

History of changes

• Itaquasconinae Pilato, G. 1969. Evoluzione e nuova sistemazione degli Eutardigrada. Bollettino di Zoologia 36: 327-345 [341].

History of changes

• Itaquascon de Barros, R. 1939. Itaquascon umbellinae gen. nov. spec. nov. (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 128(106-109) [106].

  Type species:

   Itaquascon umbellinae de Barros, 1939 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

History of changes

• Itaquascon cambewarrense Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Claxton, S. 2002. Itaquascon unguiculum and Itaquascon cambewarrense: two new species of eutardigrades from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29: 87-93 [90].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC 1009-133 AM, Cambewarra Mountain NSW, Australia [34°48'S, 150°35'E].
  Paratype(s) AM, Cambewarra Mountain, NSW, Australia [34°48'S, 150°35'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

History of changes

• Itaquascon unguiculum Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Claxton, S. 2002. Itaquascon unguiculum and Itaquascon cambewarrense: two new species of eutardigrades from Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29: 87-93 [87].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC, Douglas Park New South Wales, Australia [34°11'S,150°43'E].
  Paratype(s) AM, Douglas Park New South Wales, Australia [34°11'S,150°43'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

History of changes

• Parascon Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. 1987. Parascon schusteri n. gen. n. sp. (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae, Itaquasconinae). Animalia 14(1-3): 91-97 [91].

  Type species:

   Parascon schusteri Pilato & Binda, 1987 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

History of changes

• Parascon nichollsae Pilato, G. & Lisi, O. 2004. Doryphoribius neglectus sp. n. and Parascon nichollsae sp. n., new species of eutardigrades from Australia. Zootaxa 545: 1-7 [4].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC (deposited in the collection of M. G.Binda and G. Pilato (Museum of the Department of Animal Biology “Marcello La Greca”,University of Catania)), extracted from moss collected on a limestone wall at South Perth Zoo, WA.

Distribution

States

Western Australia

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphasconinae Dastych, H. 1992. Paradiphascon manningi gen. n. sp. n., a new water-bear from South Africa, with the erecting of a new subfamily Diphasconinae (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen des Hamburgerischen Zoologisches Museums und Instituts 89: 125-139 [137].

  Type genus:

   Diphascon Plate, 1889.

• Dastych, H. 1992. Paradiphascon manningi gen. n. sp. n., a new water-bear from South Africa, with the erecting of a new subfamily Diphasconinae (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen des Hamburgerischen Zoologisches Museums und Instituts 89: 125-139 [137]

History of changes

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Adropion Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [352].

  Type species:

   Diphascon scoticum Murray, 1905 by subsequent designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Diphascon (Adropion) gordonense Pilato, G., Claxton, S. & Horning, D.S., Jr 1991. Tardigrades from Australia. IV. Diphascon (Adropion) gordonense, a new species from new South Wales (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae). Animalia 18: 157-161 [157].

  Type data:

   Holotype MMUS MMINV11, Gordon Falls Blue Mountains NSW.
  Paratype(s) UC (1 paratype Binda & Pilato Collection Department di Biologia Animale), Blue Mountains NSW; MMUS (7 paratypes), Blue Mountains NSW.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon greveni Dastych, H. 1984. The Tardigrada from Antarctic with descriptions of several new species. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 27(19): 377-436 [424].

  Type data:

   Holotype DAM, King George Island.
  Paratype(s) DAM (19 paratypes), King George Island; NMNH (1 paratype), King George Island; BAS (1 paratype), King George Island.

  Secondary source:

   Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [352].

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon prorsirostre Thulin, G. 1928. Uber die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas (Lund) 11: 207-266 [241].

  Secondary source:

   Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [352].

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon scoticum Murray, J. 1905. The Tardigrada of the Forth Valley. Annals of Scottish Natural History 55: 160-164 [162].

  Secondary source:

   Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [352].
• Diphascon crozetense Richters F. 1907. Die Faune de Moosrasen des Gaussbergs und einiger südlicher Inseln. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903 9: 259-302 [297].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon (Adropion) tricuspidatum Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. 2000. Diphascon (Adropion) tricuspidatum, a new species of eutardigrade from Antarctica. Polar Biology 23: 75-76 [75].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC.
  Paratype(s) UC (11 paratypes).

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Diphascon Plate, L. 1888. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 3: 487-550 [537].

  Type species:

   Diphascon chilenense Plate, 1888 by original designation.

Introduction

Miller et al. (2001) identified Diphascon (Diphascon) cf. rugosum (Bartos, 1935) from Macquarie Island and may represent an undescribed species.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

General References

Miller, W.R., Horning, D.S. & Heatwole, H.F. 2001. Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Macquarie Island, sub-Antarctica. Zoologischer Anzeiger 240: 475-491 [478]

History of changes

• Diphascon alpinum Murray, J. 1906. Scottish Alpine Tardigrada. Annals of Scottish Natural History 57: 25-30 [29].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon (Diphascon) australianum Pilato, G. & Binda M.G. 1998. Two new species of Diphascon (Eutardigrada) from New South Wales, Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 25: 171-174 [172].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC, Pope's Glen Track, Blackheath, New South Wales.
  Paratype(s) UC, Pope's Glen Track, Blackheath, New South Wales; (In collection of S.K. Claxton), Pope's Glen Track, Blackheath, New South Wales.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

History of changes

• Diphascon chilenense Plate, L. 1888. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 3: 487-550 [537].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon (Diphascon) claxtonae Pilato, G. & Binda M.G. 1998. Two new species of Diphascon (Eutardigrada) from New South Wales, Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 25: 171-174 [171].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC, Douglas Park, New South Wales.
  Paratype(s) UC (1 paratype), Douglas Park, New South Wales; (3 paratypes in collection of S.K. Claxton), Douglas Park, New South Wales.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

History of changes

• Diphascon (Diphascon) dastychi Pilato, G. & Binda G.M. 1998. Three new species of Diphascon of the pingue group (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Antarctica. Polar Biology 21: 335-342 [Date published 1999] [338].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC, Antarctica, Victoria Land, Vegetation Island.
  Paratype(s) UC (13 paratypes), Antarctica, Victoria Land, Vegetation Island.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Diphascon chilenense langhovdensis Sudzuki M. 1964. On the microfauna of the Antarctic Region. I. Moss-water community at Langhovde. Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition Scientific Reports: E 19: 1-41 [13].

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

General References

Dastych, H. 2002. Diphascon langhovdense (Sudzuki, 1964) stat. nov., a new taxonomic status for the semi-terrestrial tardigrade (Tardigrada). Acta Biologica Benrodis 12(1-2): 19-25 [19] (revised status)

History of changes

• Diphascon nobilei Binda, M.G. 1969. Nuove dati su Tardigradi di Sicilia con descrizione di due nuove specie. Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania 9(9): 623-633.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

History of changes

• Hypsibius pinguis Marcus, E. 1936. Tardigrada. Berlin : Bronn Vol. 66 340 pp. [308].

Generic Combinations

• Diphascon pingue (Marcus, 1936).

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon (Diphascon) polare Pilato, G. & Binda G.M. 1998. Three new species of Diphascon of the pingue group (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Antarctica. Polar Biology 21: 335-342 [Date published 1999] [335].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC, Antarctica, Victoria Land, Crater Cirque.
  Paratype(s) UC (26 paratypes), Antarctica, Victoria Land. Crater Cirque.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Hypsibius puniceum Jennings, P.G. 1976. The Tardigrada of Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, with a note on the Rotifera. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 41: 1-25 [16].

  Type data:

   Holotype BAS, Signy Island.
  Paratype(s) BAS, Signy Island.

Generic Combinations

• Diphascon (Diphascon) puniceum (Jennings, 1976). —
  Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon (Diphascon) sanae Dastych H., Ryan P.G. & Watkins B.P. 1990. Notes on Tardigrades from western Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica) with a description of two new species. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg [58].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMP, Antarctic, Dronning Maud Land.
  Paratype(s) NMP (5 paratypes), Antarctic, Dronning Maud Land; ZMH (5 paratypes & 1 slide), Antarctic, Dronning Maud Land; (1 paratype in H. Dastych Collection), Antarctic, Dronning Maud Land.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon (Diphascon) victoriae Pilato, G. & Binda G.M. 1998. Three new species of Diphascon of the pingue group (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Antarctica. Polar Biology 21: 335-342 [Date published 1999] [341].

  Type data:

   Holotype UC, Antarctica, Victoria Land, Carezza Lake.
  Paratype(s) UC (5 paratypes), Antarctica, Victoria Land, Carezza Lake.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Hebesuncus Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [351].

  Type species:

   Hypsibius conjungens Thulin, 1911 by original designation.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Hypsibius conjungens Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [37].

Generic Combinations

• Hebesuncus conjungens (Thulin, 1911). —
  Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [351]
• Diphascon conjungens (Thulin, 1911).
• Hypsibius (Diphascon) conjungens (Thulin, 1911). —
  Horning, D.S., Schuster R.O. & Grigarick, A.A. 1978. Tardigrada of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5: 185-280 [209]

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

• Diphascon schusteri Dastych, H. 1984. The Tardigrada from Antarctic with descriptions of several new species. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 27(19): 377-436 [412].

  Type data:

   Holotype DAM, Antarctic, Enderby Land.
  Paratype(s) DAM (340 Paratypes & 149 Eggs), Antarctic, Enderby Land & King George Island; NMNH (15 Paratypes & 5 Eggs), Antarctic, Enderby Land & King George Island; BAS (20 Paratypes & 8 Eggs), Antarctic, Enderby Land & King George Island; NMNZ (1 Paratype & 8 Eggs), Antarctic, Enderby Land & King George Island.

Generic Combinations

• Hebesuncus schusteri (Dastych, 1984). —
  Pilato, G. 1987. Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). pp. 337-357 in Bertolani, R. (ed). Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I. Mucchi, Modena, Italy Vol. 1. [351]

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

History of changes

• Acutuncus Pilato, G. & Binda M. 1997. Acutuncus, a new genus of Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada). Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg 12: 159-162.

  Type species:

   Macrobiotus antarcticus Richters, 1904 by original designation.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Macrobiotus antarcticus Richters F. 1907. Die Faune de Moosrasen des Gaussbergs und einiger südlicher Inseln. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903 9: 259-302 [296].
• Hypsibius simoizumii Sudzuki M. 1964. On the microfauna of the Antarctic Region. I. Moss-water community at Langhovde. Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition Scientific Reports: E 19: 1-41 [15].

Generic Combinations

• Hypsibius antarcticus (Richters, 1904). —
  Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [27]
• Acutuncus antarcticus (Richters, 1904). —
  Pilato, G. & Binda M. 1997. Acutuncus, a new genus of Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada). Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg 12: 159-162 [162]

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Hypsibius Ehrenberg, C.G. 1848. Fortgesetzte Beobachtungen über jetzt herrschende atmosphärische mikroskopische Verhältnisse. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1848: 370-381 [381].

  Type species:

   Hypsibius dujardini Doyère, 1840 by subsequent designation, see Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. 1986. Ramazzottius, nuova genere di Eutardigrado (Hypsibiidae). Animalia 13: 159-166 [163].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.), Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

History of changes

• Hypsibius allisonii Horning, D.S., Schuster R.O. & Grigarick, A.A. 1978. Tardigrada of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5: 185-280 [225].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMNZ, New Zealand, South Island, 8 km W Rangiora [43°18'42"S 172°28'46"E].
  Paratype(s) NMNZ (15 paratypes), Same as holotype.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes

• Macrobiotus arcticus Murray, J. 1907. Arctic Tardigrada, collected by Wm. S. Bruce. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 45: 669-681.
• Macrobiotus heinisi Richters F. 1907. Die Faune de Moosrasen des Gaussbergs und einiger südlicher Inseln. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903 9: 259-302.

Generic Combinations

• Hypsibius arcticus (Murray, 1907). —
  Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [27]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

History of changes

• Macrobiotus convergens Urbanowicz, C. 1925. Sur la variabilité de Macrobiotus oberhaeuseri. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique 59: 124-142 [139].

Generic Combinations

• Hypsibius convergens (Urbanowicz, 1925). —
  Thulin, G. 1928. Uber die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas (Lund) 11: 207-266 [240]

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory, Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

History of changes

• Macrobiotus dujardini Doyère, P.L.N. 1840. Mémoirs sur les Tardigrades. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie et Biologie Animale 2 14: 269-362 [287].
• Macrobiotus dujardin Doyère, P.L.N. 1840. Mémoirs sur les Tardigrades. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie et Biologie Animale 2 14: 269-362 [287] [original spelling].
• Macrobiotus palustris Dujardin, F. 1851. Sur les Tardigrades et sur une espèce a longs pieds dans l'eau de mer. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie Ser. 3 15: 160-166 [165].
• Macrobiotus lacustris Dujardin, F. 1851. Sur les Tardigrades et sur une espèce a longs pieds dans l'eau de mer. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie Ser. 3 15: 160-166 [163].
• Macrobiotus tetradactylus Greeff, R. 1866. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Naturgeschichte der Bärtierchen. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie 2: 102-131 [119].
• Macrobiotus murrayi Richters F. 1907. Die Faune de Moosrasen des Gaussbergs und einiger südlicher Inseln. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903 9: 259-302 [295].
• Macrobiotus samoanus Richters, F. 1908. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Moosfauna Australiens und der Inseln des Pazifischen Ozeans. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik 26: 196-213 [196].
• Macrobiotus breckneri Richters, F. 1910. Tardigraden aus den Karpathen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 36: 7-10 [7].
• Macrobiotus ursellus Della Valle, P. 1915. Tardigrada. Fauna degli Astroni, No. 7. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Napoli 3. 1-36 [Date published 1915: dated 1914].
• Hypsibius murrayi Marcus, E. 1928. Spinnentiere oder Arachoides. IV Bärtierchen (Tardigrada). Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile 12: 1-230 [204].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [28]

Generic Combinations

• Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840). —
  Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [27]

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

• Hypsibius heardensis Miller, W. R., McInnes, S. J. & Bergstrøm, D. M., 2005. Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Hypsibius heardensis (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae: dujardini group) a new species from sub-Antarctic Heard Island. Zootaxa 1022: 57-64 [59].

  Type data:

   Holotype ANIC, Laurens Peninsula, Heard Island [52º58’S, 73º18’E].
  Paratype(s) ANIC Multiple (same details as Holotype).

Distribution

Other Regions

Heard & McDonald Islands (Aust. Terr.)

History of changes

• Hypsibius pallidus Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [36].

Distribution

Other Regions

Macquarie Island terrestrial & freshwater

Distribution References

History of changes

History of changes

• Fractonotus Pilato, G. 1998. Microhypsiibiidae, new family of eutardigrades, and description of the new genus Fractonotus. Spixiana (Munich) 21: 129-134 [131].

  Type species:

   Hypsibius ornatus caelatus Marcus, 1928 (= Fractonotus caelatus (Marcus, 1928)) by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

History of changes

• Hypsibius ornatus caelatus Marcus, E. 1928. Spinnentiere oder Arachoides. IV Bärtierchen (Tardigrada). Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile 12: 1-230 [179].

Generic Combinations

• Calohypsibius ornatus caelatus (Marcus, 1928). —
  Pilato, G. 1969. Evoluzione e nuova sistemazione degli Eutardigrada. Bollettino di Zoologia 36: 327-345 [344]
• Hypsibius (Calohypsibius) ornatus caelatus Marcus, 1928. —
  Marcus, E. 1929. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs 5(iv): 1-608 [470]
• Fractonotus caelatus (Marcus, 1928). —
  Pilato, G. 1998. Microhypsiibiidae, new family of eutardigrades, and description of the new genus Fractonotus. Spixiana (Munich) 21: 129-134 [132]
• Calohypsibius caelatus (Marcus, 1928). —
  Pilato, G., Claxton, S.K. & Binda, M.G. 1989. Tardigrades from Australia. II. The evaluation of Calohypsibius ornatus (Richters, 1900) caelatus (Marcus, 1928) as a valid species and description of Minibiotus fallax n. sp. (Eutardigrada). Animalia 16: 21-27 [21]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

History of changes

Introduction

Marley, McInnes & Sands (2011) erected the new family, Ramaxxottidae, comprising Ramazzottius, Hebesuncus Pilato, 1987.

Diagnosis

"The AISM comprises asymmetric, dissimilar dorsal and ventral “blunt hooks”. Claw pairs asymmetric (2121), external claw primary branch joins the secondary claw and basal section with flexible junction; primary branch may be very long and slender; the internal claw branches and basal section unified into a single rigid element. Eggs have a sculptured chorion and are deposited free in the environment." (Marley, McInnes & Sands 2011)
Type genus. Ramazzottius Binda & Pilato, 1986

General References

Marley, N.J., McInnes, S.J. & Sands, C.J. 2011. Phylum Tardigrada: A re-evaluation of the Parachela. Zootaxa 2819: 51–64

History of changes

• Ramazzottius Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. 1986. Ramazzottius, nuova genere di Eutardigrado (Hypsibiidae). Animalia 13: 159-166 [164].

  Type species:

   Hypsibius oberhaeuseri Doyere, 1840 by original designation.

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

History of changes

• Macrobiotus oberhaeuseri Doyère, P.L.N. 1840. Mémoirs sur les Tardigrades. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie et Biologie Animale 2 14: 269-362 [286].
• Macrobiotus oberhaeuser Doyère, P.L.N. 1840. Mémoirs sur les Tardigrades. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie et Biologie Animale 2 14: 269-362 [286] [original spelling].

Generic Combinations

• Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri (Doyere, 1840). —
  Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. 1986. Ramazzottius, nuova genere di Eutardigrado (Hypsibiidae). Animalia 13: 159-166 [164]
• Hypsibius oberhaeuseri (Doyere, 1840). —
  Thulin, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi 7: 1-60 [27]

Distribution

Other Regions

Australian Antarctic Territory

Distribution References

History of changes