Introduction

Halechiniscids are arthrotardigrades without dorsal plates and with strongly segmental legs which can telescope at all joints. Larvae have two toes and adults have four toes with terminal claws. Seminal receptacles with ducts are always present. Secondary sexually dimorphism can be extensive; the smaller male usually has larger primary clavae than the female.

Halechiniscidae are the most diverse arthrotardigrade family (see Fig. 1A–D). In this checklist, the family is divided into six subfamilies following the cladogram of the Heterotardigrada (Kristensen & Higgins 1984b) and, in part, the cladogram of subfamilies of Halechiniscidae (Pollock 1995), but recognising Orzeliscidae and Archechiniscidae as separate families. Only the deep-sea subfamily, Euclavarctinae, is not recorded from Australian waters. The other five subfamilies, Halechiniscinae, Dipodarctinae, Florarctinae, Tanarctinae, Styraconyxinae, are common and are treated separately.

Halechiniscinids have relatively short club-shaped primary clavae. Buccal clavae (secondary clavae) may be club-shaped (Paradoxipus) or kidney-shaped (Halechiniscus) or reduced to an indistinct, flat organ surrounding the mouth cone (Halechiniscus, Chrysoarctus). Toes with simple claws are retractable into a membranous sheath. There are no toe or tarsal peduncles, but the tarsus may be triangular, followed by a lance-like tibia as in Tanarctinae. Paradoxipus has proximal suction pads and distal claws on all toes. The dorsal cuticle is thinner than the ventral cuticle; ventral plates may be present (Fig. A). Seminal receptacles have lateral vesicles and long convoluted genital ducts. Stylet supports may be lacking in Crysoarctus, but in other genera the stylets, stylet supports and the placoids are strongly calcified. Crysoarctus flabellatus and Paradoxipus orzeliscoides have transparent lateral and caudal alae.

Only the genus Halechiniscus has been recorded from Australia. Halechiniscus remanei has been recorded from intertidal coralline sand, Townsville, Queensland (Renaud-Mornant 1981), and H. perfectus and H. greveni are common in coralline sand or on dead corals overgrown with filamentous green algae on the reef crest at many Australian coral islands. Two new species of Halechiniscus with ventral plates (e.g. Fig. A) are known from the Coral Sea (Marion Reef and Chesterfield Reefs).

Dipodarctinines have, like floractinines and tanarctinines, primary clavae which are longer than the lateral cirri; secondary clavae are present as kidney-shaped sacs between internal and external cirri. The feet have strengthening bars (tarsal peduncles) inside the tarsus. The foot on leg IV of Tanarctus-type has short external toes and internal toes are long and flexible. On the first three pairs of legs the ventral three toes are all the same length and the dorsal one is longer. The stylets are relatively short and stylet supports are present.

Dipodarctininae are the most recently established halechiniscid subfamily (Pollock 1995), but the species D. subterraneus from Bahamas has been known since 1959 under the genus Halechiniscus. The type species, D. borrori, and also D. subterraneus are common in subtidal coralline sand at Heron Island.

Florarctinines have lateral or caudal cuticular expansions, called alae (Fig. C). The alae are formed by the epicuticule including the pillars. In the genus Florarctus the epicuticular alae can be supported by procuticular structures called caesti which are lacking in two other florarctine genera, Wingstrandarctus (Fig. B) and Ligiarctus. Both Wingstrandarctus and Florarctus can have symbiotic bacteria in 2-3 cephalic vesicles. All florarctines have two hook-shaped cuticular structures in the foot, called tarsal peduncles. Cephalic cirri are 3-segmented and very long. The primary clavae are longer than the lateral cirri, and the male may have extremely long primary clavae. The flat secondary clavae are located ventrally and are fused to form an H around the mouth in Florarctus. The fourth leg papilla is s-shaped. The seminal receptacles each have a very large vesicle located laterally and the duct is s-shaped, opening close to the female gonopore.

The Australian florarctine fauna is very rich, with 11 species of Florarctus and three species of Wingstrandarctus found in Queensland and the Coral Sea. The genus Wingstrandarctus was described from One Tree Island in fine coralline sand, but the type species W. corallinus, as well as W. crypticus and a new congeneric species have been found at Heron Island. The most common tardigrades in coralline sands of the Great Barrier Reef are all species of Florarctus; species already recorded from New Caledonia such as F. antiliensis, F. cinctus, F. salvati, F. heimi and F. cervinus have now been found at the Great Barrier Reef. Florarctus heimi and F. cervinus are the only Florarctus species with the caudal ala carrying four long filaments. Florarctus cervinus is only half the size of F. heimi, but has longer primary clavae. The caudal ala is also different and therefore they were described as two species. At Heron island these two types of florarctines were found together. Only F. cervinus had testis and only F. heimi had an ovary and seminal receptacles. Furthermore, the male of F.cervinus had the same type of caudal filaments as juveniles. One juvenile female was found in moult and the old juvenile filaments were of F. cervinus type, but the new cuticle carried the F. heimi type of caudal filaments. In fact, F. cervinus is the juvenile or the male of F. heimi. This is first time that such strong secondary sexual dimorphism has been demonstrated in tardigrades. In the male of a new species of Florarctus from the Coral Sea, the primary clavae are twice as long as the body, and in the female the clavae are the usual Florarctus size.

Tanarctinines are common in the deep-sea in the South Pacific, but there is only a single record from intertidal coralline sand from Marion Reef (Coral Sea) where a new species of Tanarctus with extreme long smooth primary clavae and leg IV sense organs has been found (Fig. D). The species has the same club-shaped secondary clavae as the type species T. tauricus from Bahamas.

Styraconyxinines are halechiniscids with two or four peduncles on four toes. Heart-shaped proximal pads may be present at the base of internal toes, if peduncles are lacking. Three to four hooks are present on each crescent-shaped claw, sometimes secondarily reduced to only one or two hooks. The complete set of cephalic cirri and primary clavae are present, but the secondary clavae are usually reduced or lacking. Cirrus A and Cirrus E are similar in shape. The cuticle is variable — it may have long lateral pillars (Raiarctus) or a double loose cuticle (Tetrakentron, Tholoarctus). Seminal receptacles are very complex and vary a great deal within a genus. Real placoids are lacking in Tetrakentron, Tholoarctus and Lepoarctus.

In Australia, members of the type genus Styraconyx are very common in both tidal and subtidal zones. Kristensen & Higgins (1984a) provided a map of over 10 Australian records of two species, S. craticulus and S. kristenseni. Styraconyx craticulus can be found in tidal algae, and the species can be dispersed easily. It may be found on a new buoy after only few weeks. Styraconyx kristenseni comprises two subspecies S. k. kristenseni and S. k. neocaledoniensis. The nominate form is common in coral sand along the whole eastern coast of Australia. Several undescribed species of Styraconyx are found in shell gravel (North Stradbroke Island) and Amphioxus sand (Heron Island). Raiarctus is only found subtidally in Australia. Even though this genus contains some of the smallest tardigrades (85–137 mm), its members are very easily recognised by the long lateral pillars. Raiarctus aureolatus is a rare species in coralline sand at Heron Island.

Tholoarctus natans is a very aberrant semi-benthic tardigrade with a bell-shaped cuticle, especially well developed in the male. The Australian form is very similar to the type material from Roscoff, France.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Guidetti, R. & Bertolani, R. 2005. Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification. Zootaxa 845: 1-46

Kristensen, R.M. & Higgins, R.P. 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae), with descriptions of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1-40

Pollock, L.W. 1995. New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology 114(3): 220-235

Renaud-Mornant, J. 1981. Tardigrades marins (Arthrotardigrada) du Pacifique Sud. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 4 3(Section A, no. 3): 799-813

History of changes

• Dipodarctus Pollock, 1995.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Dipodarctus Pollock, L.W. 1995. New marine tardigrades from Hawaiian beach sand and phylogeny of the family Halechiniscidae. Invertebrate Biology 114(3): 220-235.

  Type species:

   Dipodarctus borrori Pollock, 1995 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Dipodarctus australiensis Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [410].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1285 ♂ (Adult male with testis, seminal vesicles and fully developed male gonopore), New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, at 18–20 m depth, on 11 January 1999, from carbonate sand.
  Paratype(s) ZMUC 2 specimens, Same as holotype.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [45]

History of changes

• Dipodarctus susannae Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [413].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1288 ♀ (Adult female with duct openings for seminal receptacles and fully developed female gonopore), New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, at 18–20 m depth, on 11 January 1999, from carbonate sand.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [49]

History of changes

• Florarctinae Renaud-Mornant, J. 1982. Sous-famille et genre nouveaux de Tardigrades marins (Arthrotardigrada). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [published 1907-1971] 4(1-2): 89-94 [90].

  Type genus:

   Florarctus Delamare Deboutteville & Renaud-Mornant, 1965.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Florarctus Delamare Deboutteville, C. & Renaud-Mornant, J. 1965. Un remarquable genre de Tardigrades des sables coralliens de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 266: 2581-2583.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Florarctus antillensis Land, J. van der. 1968. Florarctus antillensis, a new tardigrade from the coral sand of Curaçao. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 25: 140-156.

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Curaçao Island, Piscadera Baai, Boca.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [53]

History of changes

• Florarctus cinctus Renaud-Mornant, J. 1976. Le genre Florarctus Delamare Deboutteville et Renaud-Mornant, 1965 en Méditerranée; description de deux espéces nouvelles (Arthrotardigrada). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [published 1907-1971] 4e 36(257): 325-333.

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Italy, Province of Naples, NW of Gulf of Naples.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [56]

History of changes

• Florarctus salvati Delamare Deboutteville, C. & Renaud-Mornant, J. 1965. Un remarquable genre de Tardigrades des sables coralliens de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris 266: 2581-2583.

  Type data:

   Status unknown, New Caledonia, Saint Vincent Bay, Grand Ténia Island.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [62]

History of changes

• Wingstrandarctus Kristensen, R.M. 1984. On the biology of Wingstrandarctus corallinus nov. gen. et spec., with notes on the symbiontic bacteria in the subfamily Florarctinae (Arthrotardigrada). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 145: 201-218 [203].

  Type species:

   Wingstrandarctus corallinus Kristensen, 1984 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Wingstrandarctus corallinus Kristensen, R.M. 1984. On the biology of Wingstrandarctus corallinus nov. gen. et spec., with notes on the symbiontic bacteria in the subfamily Florarctinae (Arthrotardigrada). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 145: 201-218 [203].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC lagoon water, sediment "clean" coralline silt to fine coralline sand (♀), One Tree Island near Capricorn Channel, Great Barrier Reef, QLD,Australia, 2m [23°30'S, 152°6'E].
  Paratype(s) ZMUC details as for holotype (2 embedded in epon and sectioned serially for TEM and light microscope 2 wholemount); NMNH details as for holotype (2 wholemounted); MNHP details as for holotype (2 wholemounted); ZMUC details as for holotype (♂ Allotype).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [65]

History of changes

• Halechiniscus intermedius Renaud-Mornant, J. 1967. Tardigrades de la Baie Saint-Vincent, Nouvelle-Calédonie. Expédition Française sur les récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie 2: 103-118 [107].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Baie de St-Vincent, New Caledonia. [22°0'30"S, 165°56'48"E].

Generic Combinations

• Wingstrandarctus intermedius (Renaud-Mornant, 1967). —
  Kristensen, R.M. 1984. On the biology of Wingstrandarctus corallinus nov. gen. et spec., with notes on the symbiontic bacteria in the subfamily Florarctinae (Arthrotardigrada). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 145: 201-218 [203]

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [66]

History of changes

• Wingstrandarctus stinae Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [417].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1293 ♀ (Adult female in simplex stage with genital duct openings for seminal receptacles and fully developed gonopore), New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, at 18–20 m depth, on 11 January 1999, from carbonate sand.
  Paratype(s) ZMUC 2 specimens (One specimen is mounted for SEM), Same as holotype.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [67]

History of changes

• Wingstrandarctus unsculptus Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [420].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1295 ♀, New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, at 18–20 m depth, on 11 January 1999, from carbonate sand.
  Paratype(s) ZMUC 2 specimens (The paratypes are an allotypic male and a young adult mounted for SEM), Same as holotype.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [67]

History of changes

• Halechiniscinae Thulin, G. 1928. Uber die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas (Lund) 11: 207-266.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Halechiniscus Richters, F. 1908. Marine Tardigraden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 33: 77-85 [81].

  Type species:

   Halechiniscus guiteli Richters, 1908 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Halechiniscus remanei Schulz, E. 1955. Studien an marinen Tardigraden. Kieler Meeresforschung 11: 73-79 [76].

Distribution

States

Queensland

IMCRA

Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [81]

History of changes

• Styraconyxinae Kristensen, R.M. & renaud-Mornant, J. 1983. Existence d'Arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sous-famille des Styraconyxinae subfam. nov. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 24: 337-353 [338].

  Type genus:

   Styraconyx Thulin, 1942.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Raiarctus Renaud-Mornant, J. 1981. Raiarctus colurus n. g., n. sp., et R. aureolatus n. sp., Tardigrades (Arthrotardigrada) marins nouveaux de sédiments calcaires. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 2 3: 515-522 [516].

  Type species:

   Raiarctus colurus Renaud-Mornant, 1981 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Raiarctus aureolatus Renaud-Mornant, J. 1981. Raiarctus colurus n. g., n. sp., et R. aureolatus n. sp., Tardigrades (Arthrotardigrada) marins nouveaux de sédiments calcaires. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 2 3: 515-522 [518].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP AF341 (♀), Madagascar [23°23'S, 43°38'E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Raiarctus colurus Renaud-Mornant, J. 1981. Raiarctus colurus n. g., n. sp., et R. aureolatus n. sp., Tardigrades (Arthrotardigrada) marins nouveaux de sédiments calcaires. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 2 3: 515-522 [516].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP AT68 (♀), Guadeloupe [16°11'40"N, 61°29'W].
  Paratype(s) AT68 (♀), as for holotype.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Raiarctus jesperi Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [424].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1297 ♂ (Collected along with a juvenile), New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, on 11 January 1999, from carbonate sand.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [97]

History of changes

• Raiarctus katrinae Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [427].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1299 ♀, New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, on 11 January 1999.
  Paratype(s) ZMUC 3 specimens, New South Wales, Jim's Cave, depth 34 m, on 13 January 1999.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [97]

History of changes

• Styraconyx Thulin, G. 1942. Ein neuer mariner Tardigrad. Meddelanden från Göteborgs Musei Zoologiska Ardelning 99: 1-10 [3].

  Type species:

   Syraconyx haploceros Thulin, 1942 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Bathyechiniscus craticulus Pollock, L.W. 1983. A closer look at some marine Heterotardigrada. 2. The morphology and taxonomy of Bathyechiniscus, with a description of B. craticulus n. sp. from the Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 33(1): 109-117 [112].

  Type data:

   Holotype NMNH USNM No. 68683) (♀), Smuggler's Cove, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands [17°45'30"N, 64°35'36"W].
  Paratype(s) NMNH USNM Nos. 68684-68686 as for holotype (3 paratypes).

Generic Combinations

• Styraconyx craticulus (Pollock, 1983). —
  Kristensen, R.M. & Higgins, R.P. 1984. Revision of Styraconyx (Tardigrada: Halechiniscidae), with descriptions of two new species from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 391: 1-40 [7]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [101]

History of changes

• Styraconyx kristenseni Renaud-Mornant, J. 1981. Tardigrades marins (Arthrotardigrada) du Pacifique Sud. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 4 3(Section A, no. 3): 799-813 [804].

  Type data:

   Holotype MNHP AH595 (♀), Ile de Moorea [17°30'S, 149°50'W].
  Paratype(s) MNHP AN590a, AN610 As for holotype (♀).

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland

IMCRA

Kenn Transition (16), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northeast Shelf Province (40)

Other Regions

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [103]

History of changes

• Tholoarctus Kristensen, R.M. & renaud-Mornant, J. 1983. Existence d'Arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sous-famille des Styraconyxinae subfam. nov. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 24: 337-353 [341].

  Type species:

   Tholoarctus natans Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant, 1983 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Tholoarctus natans Kristensen, R.M. & renaud-Mornant, J. 1983. Existence d'Arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sous-famille des Styraconyxinae subfam. nov. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 24: 337-353 [341].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMC (♂), Roscoff, France [48°43'N, 03°54'10"W].
  Paratype(s) ZMC As for holotype (Allotype ♀); ZMC As for holotype (10 paratypes); NMNH As for holotype (2 paratypes); MNHP As for holotype (1 paratype).

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Tholoarctus natans natans Kristensen, R.M. & renaud-Mornant, J. 1983. Existence d'Arthrotardigrades semi-benthiques de genres nouveaux de la sous-famille des Styraconyxinae subfam. nov. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 24: 337-353 [341].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Tholoarctus oleseni Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [431].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1303 ♂, New South Wales, Fish Rock Cave, at 18–20 m depth, on 11 January 1999, from carbonate sand.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [116]

History of changes

• Tanarctinae Renaud-Mornant, J. 1980. Description de trois espèces nouvelles du genre Tanarctus Renaud-Debyser, 1959 et création de la sous-famille des Tanarctinae, subfam. nov. (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada). Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris [published 1895-1906] 2 4(A1): 129-141 [139].

  Type genus:

   Tanarctus Renaud-Debyser, 1959.

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Actinarctus Schulz, E. 1935. Actinarctus doryphorus, nov. gen. nov. spec. ein merkwürdiger Tardigrad aus der Nordsee. Zoologischer Anzeiger 111: 285-288 [285].

  Type species:

   Actinarctus doryphorus Schulz, 1935 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Actinarctus neretinus de Zio Grimaldi, S., D'Addabbo Gallo, M., Morone De Lucia, R.M., Vaccarella, R. & Grimaldi, P. 1982. Quattro nuove specie di Halechiniscidae rinvenute in due grotte sottomarine dell'Italia meridionale. (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 4 23: 415-426 [418].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, Santa Caterina di Nardo, Italy [40°08'44"N, 17°58'05"E].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [120]

History of changes

• Tanarctus Renaud-Debyser, J. 1959. Études sur la faune interstitielle des îles Bahamas. III. Tardigrades. Vie et Milieu 10: 297-302.

  Type species:

   Tanarctus tauricus Renaud-Debyser, 1959 by original designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

History of changes

• Tanarctus hirsutospinosus Jorgensen, A., Boesgaard, T.M., Mobjerg, N. & Kristensen, R.M. 2014. The tardigrade fauna of Australian marine caves: With descriptions of nine new species of Arthrotardigrada. Zootaxa 3802(4): 401-443 [434].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUC TAR 1309 ♀ (Adult female with openings for seminal receptacles and a fully developed gonopore), New South Wales, Jim's Cave, depth 34 m, on 13 January 1999.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Known only from type locality.

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Ecological Descriptors

Marine.

General References

Kaczmarek, L., Bartels, P.J., Roszkowska, M. & Nelson, D.R. 2015. The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada. Zootaxa 4037(1): 1-189 [124]

History of changes