• Encephalitozoon Levaditi, C., Nicolau, S. & Schoen, M.R. 1923. L'agent Atiologique de l'encephalite Apizootique du lapin (Encephalitozoon cuniculi). Comptes Rendus de la Société Biologie 89: 984-986.

  Type species:

   Encephalitozoon cuniculi Levaditi, Nicolau & Schoen, 1923 by monotypy.

Introduction

Unidentified species recorded from eastern Australia.

Based on ribosomal DNA sequence data, the Microsporidia are recognised as Fungi and not Protists. At present Australian Biological Resource Study has retained the Microsporidia as a phylum in the Protists for historical comparative purposes.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Coolgardie (COO), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL) ; ACT, NSW, Qld, Vic: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (intestines)).

Extra Ecological Information

Unidentified species of Encephalitozoon have been found in the listed parasite hosts.

Associated Fauna References

Field, A.S., Hing, M.C., Milliken, S.T. & Marriott, D.J. 1993. Microsporidia in the small intestine of HIV-infected patients. A new diagnostic technique and a new species. Medical Journal of Australia 158: 390-394 (Homo sapiens)

History of changes

• Encephalitozoon cuniculi Levaditi, C., Nicolau, S. & Schoen, M.R. 1923. L'agent Atiologique de l'encephalite Apizootique du lapin (Encephalitozoon cuniculi). Comptes Rendus de la Société Biologie 89: 984-986.

Introduction

Based on ribosomal DNA sequence data, the Microsporidia are recognised as Fungi and not Protists. At present Australian Biological Resource Study has retained the Microsporidia as a phylum in the Protists for historical comparative purposes.

Distribution

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Coolgardie (COO), Esperance Plains (ESP), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Jarrah Forest (JF), Mallee (MAL), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (antibodies (IFAT)); Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) [LEPORIDAE] Rabbit (various organs, antibodies (IFAT))).

Associated Fauna References

Cox, J.C. 1977. Altered immune responsiveness associated with Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. Infection and Immunity 15: 392-395 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cox, J.C., Gallichio, H.A., Pye, D. & Walden, N.B. 1977. Application of immunofluorescence to the establishment of an Encephalitozoon cuniculi-free rabbit colony. Laboratory Animal Science 27: 04-209 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cox, J.C., Hamilton, R.C. & Attwood, H.D. 1979. An investigation of the route and progression of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in adult rabbits. Journal of Protozoology 26: 260-265 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cox, J.C., Pye, D., Edmonds, J.W. & Shepherd, R. 1980. An investigation of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus in Vicrotia, Australia. Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge 84: 295-300 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cox, J.C., Walden, N.B. & Nairn, R.C. 1972. Presumptive diagnosis of Nosema cuniculi in rabbits by immunofluorescence. Research in Veterinary Science 13: 595-597 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cox, J.C. & Pye, D. 1975. Serodiagnosis of nosematosis by immunofluorescence using cell-culture-grown organisms. Laboratory Animals 9: 297-304 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Mathis, A. 2000. Microsporidia: emerging advances in understanding the basic biology of these unique organisms. International Journal for Parasitology 30: 795-804 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Pye, D. & Cox, J.C. 1979. Simple focus assay for Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Laboratory Animals 13: 193-195 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Testoni, F.J. 1974. Enzootic renal nosematosis in laboratory rabbits. Australian Veterinary Journal 50: 159-163 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Thomas, C., Finn, M., Twigg, L., Deplazes, P. & Thompson, R.C.A. 1997. Microsporidia (Encephalitozoon cuniculi) in wild rabbits in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 75: 808-810 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Wilson, J. 1984. Diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in man by serological tests. British Medical Journal 288: 1164 (Homo sapiens)

History of changes

• Encephalitozoon hellem Didier, E.S., Didier, P.J., Friedberg, D.N., Stenson, S.M., Orenstein, J.M., Yee, R.W., Tio, F.O., Davis, R.M., Vossbrinck, C., Millichamp, N. & Shadduck, J. A. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a new human microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem (n. sp.), from three AIDS patients with keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 163(3): 617-621.

Introduction

Based on ribosomal DNA sequence data, the Microsporidia are recognised as Fungi and not Protists. At present Australian Biological Resource Study has retained the Microsporidia as a phylum in the Protists for historical comparative purposes.

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Aviary USA; pet shop USA

IBRA

Australian Alps (AA), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw, 1805) [PSITTACIDAE] Budgerigar (intestines, liver); Eclectus roratus (Müller, 1776) [PSITTACIDAE] Eclectus Parrot (intestines, kidney); Erythrura gouldiae (Gould, 1844) [PLOCEIDAE] Gouldian Finch (syn. Chloebia gouldiae; small intestines); Agapornis roseicollis (Vieillot, 1818) [PSITTACIDAE] Peach-faced Lovebird, Rosy-faced Lovebird).

Associated Fauna References

Black, S.S., Steinohrt, L.A., Bertucci, D.C., Rogers, L.B. & Didier, E.S. 1997. Encephalitozoon hellem in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Veterinary Pathology 34: 189-198 (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Carlisle, M.S., Snowden, K., Gill, J., Jones, M., O'Donoghue, P. & Prociv, P. 2002. Microsporidiosis in a Gouldian finch (Erythrura [Chloebia] gouldiae). Australian Veterinary Journal 80: 41-44 (Erythrura gouldiae)

Ladds, P. 2009. Pathology of Australian Native Wildlife. Collingwood : CSIRO Publishing 640 pp. (Agapornis roseicollis)

Pulparampil, N., Grahm, D., Phalen, D. & Snowden, K. 1998. Encephalitozoon hellem in two eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus): identification from archival tissues. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45: 651-655 (Eclectus roratus)

Wasson, K. & Peper, R.L. 2000. Mammalian microsporidiosis. Veterinary Pathology 37: 113-128 (Melopsittacus undulatus)

History of changes

• Septata intestinalis Cali, A., Kotler, D.P. & Orenstein, J.M. 1993. Septata intestinalis n. g., n. sp., an intestinal microsporidian associated with chronic diarrhea and dissemination in AIDS patients. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40(1): 101-112.

Generic Combinations

• Encephalitozoon intestinalis (Cali et al., 1993). —
  Hartskeerl, R.A., Van Gool, T., Schuitema, A.R., Didier, E.S. & Terpstra, W.J. 1995. Genetic and immunological characterization of the microsporidian Septata intestinalis Cali, Kotler and Orenstein, 1993: reclassification to Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Parasitology 110(3): 277-285 [Date published April]

Introduction

Based on ribosomal DNA sequence data, the Microsporidia are recognised as Fungi and not Protists. At present Australian Biological Resource Study has retained the Microsporidia as a phylum in the Protists for historical comparative purposes.

Distribution

States

Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

IBRA

ACT, NSW, Qld, Vic: Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Wet Tropics (WT)

Ecological Descriptors

Parasitic (host(s): Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 [HOMINIDAE] Human (intestines); Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss, 1817) [PHASCOLARCTIDAE] Koala (intestines (+ PCR))).

Associated Fauna References

Canning, E.U., Field, A.S., Hing, M.C. & Marriott, D.J. 1994. Further observations on the ultrastructure of Septata intestinalis Cali, Kotler and Orenstein, 1993. European Journal of Protistology 30: 414-422 (Homo sapiens)

Field, A.S. 2002. Light microscopic and electron microscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients. Pathology 34: 21-35 (Homo sapiens)

Field, A.S., Marriott, D.J. & Hing, M.C. 1993. The Warthin-Starry stain in the diagnosis of small intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected patients. Folia Parasitologica. Prague 40: 261-266 (Homo sapiens)

Kotler, D.P. & Orenstein, J.M. 1998. Clinical syndromes associated with microsporidiosis. Advances in Parasitology 40: 321-349 (Homo sapiens)

Ladds, P. 2009. Pathology of Australian Native Wildlife. Collingwood : CSIRO Publishing 640 pp. (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Nimmo, J.S., Snowden, K. & O'Donoghue, P.J. 2007. Fatal encephalitozoonosis in two koalas. Australian Veterinary Journal 85: 428-432 (Phascolarctos cinereus)

History of changes