• Ctenopoda Sars, G.O. 1865. Norges ferskvandskrebsdyr. Første Afsnit. Branchiopoda. 1. Cladocera Ctenopoda (Fam. Sididae & Holopedidae) [Norway's freshwater crustaceans. First part. Branchiopoda. 1. Cladocera Ctenopoda (Fam. Sididae & Holopedidae)]. Christiania : Brøgger & Christie's Bogtrykker pp. i-viii, 1-71, pls 1-4. [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/s4qp43x7] [vii, 27].

Introduction

Ctenopodans are mostly freshwater, but Penilia is marine (or, at least, in the zone of mixing of fresh with sea water, as in estuaries and coastal lagoons). They are found worldwide, with more species in the tropics than in the temperate zone but not in Antarctica. Olesen (1998) could find no synapomorphies for the Ctenopoda.

Diagnosis

Body short, composed of few, indistinct segments and ending in a postabdomen with an apical pair of claws, never articulated to the trunk. Carapace not calcified, bivalved, without hinge, enclosing only trunk and appendages. Head large, without head shield. Labrum fleshy. Eyes single, internal, always fused in adults, with many lenses. Ocellus small or absent (Diaphanosoma, Penilia). Antennules tubular and movable in females, elongated and modified for clasping usually in males. Antennae biramous, natatory (uniramous only in females of Holopedium). Both branches of 2–3 segments, armed with between 13 and 27 natatory setae. Mandibles of the grinding type. Maxillules with numerous spines (minimum 4 in Penilia) . Maxillae simple lobes with or without setose seta. Six pairs of trunk limbs, filtratory and showing much serial similarity, although the sixth pair is more reduced. Exopodites present. All limbs beat with a metachronal rhythm. First trunk limb of male with distal hook, or with modified distal region. Food groove deep and narrow. Alimentary canal straight. Anterior caeca found only in Latona parviramis, where they are ventrally located. Ovaries paired; ovarian cells originate anteriorly. Penes paired, except in Sida. Vasa deferentia open immediately behind trunk limbs. Resting eggs invested by oviductal secretion Carapace not modified to an ephippium. Parthenogenetic eggs large, passed into dorsal brood space formed by carapace where they develop to miniature replicas of adults. Nahrboden present only in Penilia. Reproduct1on by gamogenesis alternates with parthenogenesis. No larval stages; young released from resting eggs are replicas of adults. Length up to 4 mm, usually 1–3 mm in females and 0.7–1.5 mm in males.

Diagnosis References

Dumont H.J. & Negrea, S.V. 2002. Introduction to the Class Branchiopoda Guides to the Identifcation of the Microinvrtebrates of the Continuental Waters of the World. Leiden : Backhuys Publishers Vol. 19 398 pp. [258]

General References

Olesen, J. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Conchostraca and Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Diplostraca). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 491–536

History of changes

• Sidina Baird, W. 1850. The natural history of the British Entomostraca. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 1850: 1-364 [89] [original spelling].

  Type genus:

   Sida Straus, 1820.
• Sididae Baird, 1850.

History of changes

• Diaphanosoma Brandt, K. 1850. Crust. (Cladocera). Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg 2 8: 269 [269].

  Type species:

   Sida brachyura Liéven, 1848 by monotypy.
• Daphnella Baird, W. 1850. The natural history of the British Entomostraca. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 1850: 1-364 [109].

  Type species:

   Daphnella wingii Baird, 1850 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic: Ben Lomond (BEL), Flinders (FLI), King (KIN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP) ; NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Channel Country (CHC), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Wet Tropics (WT) ; NSW, Qld, WA: Pilbara (PIL) ; WA: Carnarvon (CAR)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal
  • Queensland: N Gulf
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria
  • Western Australia: NW coastal

Oriental Region

History of changes

• Diaphanosoma australiensis Korovchinsky, N.M. 1981. Taxonomic and faunistic revision of Australian Diaphanosoma (Cladocera: Sididae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 813-831 [827].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM P.31302 ♀, Lake Boronto near Cape York, Qld.
  Paratype(s) AM P.31303 3♀ (and others in ZIN and BMNH), as holotype.

Distribution

States

Queensland

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

Qld: Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), Mount Isa Inlier (MII)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Queensland: N Gulf

History of changes

• Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, G.O. 1885. On some Australian Cladocera, raised from dried mud. Christiana Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger 8: 1-46 [13].

  Type data:

   Syntype(s) UZMO F. 9724, Mp. 168 29 Syntypes. entire mount, raised from mud from Gracemere Lagoon, about 7 miles west of Rockhampton, North Queensland.

  Type locality references:

  Korovchinsky, N.M. 1981. Taxonomic and faunistic revision of Australian Diaphanosoma (Cladocera: Sididae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 813-831 [817].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Channel Country (CHC), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Gulf Plains (GUP), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Afrotropical Region

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Queensland
  • Western Australia: NW coastal

Oriental Region

History of changes

• Diaphanosoma hamatum Korovchinsky, N.M. & Timms, B.V. 2011. A new species of the genus Diaphanosoma Fischer (Crustacea: Cladocera: Sididae) from claypans in Western Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 133: 1-10 [2].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM 45117 female, 18.6 km S of Onslow, WA [21°8'12"S, 115°06'01"E].
  Paratype(s) WAM 45118 10 females, 18.6 km S of Onslow, WA [21°8'12"S, 115°06'01"E]; ZMMU M1 107 10 females, 18.6 km S of Onslow, WA [21°8'12"S, 115°06'01"E].

Distribution

States

Western Australia

IBRA

WA: Carnarvon (CAR)

Ecological Descriptors

Clay pan.

History of changes

• Diaphosoma sarsi Richard, J. 1894. Entomostracès recueillis par M.E. Modigliana dans de Lac Toba ((Sumatra). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 2 34: 565-578 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7940605] [568].

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

'northern Australia' (Smirnov & Timms 1983: 10).

History of changes

• Diaphanosoma unguiculatum Gurney, R. 1927. Some Australian freshwater Entomostracans reared from dried mud. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5: 59-79 [64].

  Type data:

   Lectotype BMNH female in alcohol (A female with body length 1 .27 mm has been designated a lectotype (in alcohol) and other type specimens paralectotypes, 8 ♀ in alcohol and 3 ♀ on entire mount.), reared from mud sent from Longreach, Queensland.

  Type locality references:

  Korovchinsky, N.M. 1981. Taxonomic and faunistic revision of Australian Diaphanosoma (Cladocera: Sididae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 813-831 [818].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic: Australian Alps (AA), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Ben Lomond (BEL), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Channel Country (CHC), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Flinders (FLI), Gulf Plains (GUP), King (KIN), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Nandewar (NAN), Naracoorte Coastal Plain (NCP), New England Tablelands (NET), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Coastal Plain (SCP), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Tasmanian Central Highlands (TCH), Tasmanian Northern Midlands (TNM), Tasmanian Northern Slopes (TNS), Tasmanian South East (TSE), Tasmanian Southern Ranges (TSR), Tasmanian West (TWE), Victorian Midlands (VM), Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), Wet Tropics (WT)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Queensland
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria

History of changes

• Diaphanosoma sarsi voltzi Stingelin, Th. 1905. Untersuchungen über die Cladocerenfauna von Hinterindien, Sumatra und Java, nebst einem Beitrage zur Cladoceren-Kenntnis der Hawaii-Inseln. (Reise von Dr Walter Volz.). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere xxi: 327-370 [339] [as Diaphanosoma sarsi var. voltzi].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

History of changes

• Latonopsis Sars, G.O. 1888. Additional notes on Australian Cladocera raised from dried mud. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania (7): 1-74 [6].

  Type species:

   Latonopsis australis G.O. Sars, 1888 by monotypy.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Queensland
  • Western Australia

History of changes

• Latonopsis australis Sars, G.O. 1888. Additional notes on Australian Cladocera raised from dried mud. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania (7): 1-74 [6].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, UZMO, water hole at cattle station 20 miles from Rockhampton.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia

IBRA

NSW, Qld, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt North (BBN), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Central Mackay Coast (CMC), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Desert Uplands (DEU), Dampierland (DL), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Einasleigh Uplands (EIU), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Plains (GUP), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Mount Isa Inlier (MII), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Wet Tropics (WT), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Queensland
  • Western Australia

History of changes

• Latonopsis (Birgella) brehmi Petkovski, T.K. 1973. Zur Cladoceren fauna Australiens II Sididae und Macrothricidae. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientarium Naturalium Skopje 13(8): 161-193 [163].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

NSW, WA: Australian Alps (AA), Avon Wheatbelt (AW), Brigalow Belt South (BBS), Broken Hill Complex (BHC), Carnarvon (CAR), Channel Country (CHC), Central Kimberley (CK), Coolgardie (COO), Cobar Peneplain (CP), Central Ranges (CR), Dampierland (DL), Darling Riverine Plains (DRP), Esperance Plains (ESP), Gascoyne (GAS), Gibson Desert (GD), Geraldton Sandplains (GS), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Great Victoria Desert (GVD), Hampton (HAM), Jarrah Forest (JF), Little Sandy Desert (LSD), Mallee (MAL), Murray Darling Depression (MDD), Mulga Lands (ML), Murchison (MUR), Nandewar (NAN), New England Tablelands (NET), Northern Kimberley (NK), NSW North Coast (NNC), NSW South Western Slopes (NSS), Nullarbor (NUL), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pilbara (PIL), Riverina (RIV), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Highlands (SEH), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Swan Coastal Plain (SWA), Tanami (TAN), Victoria Bonaparte (VB), Warren (WAR), Yalgoo (YAL)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales
  • Western Australia

History of changes

• Penilia Dana, J.D 1852. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce, lexit et descripsit. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2: 9-61 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4481622] [47].

  Type species:

   Penilia avirostris Dana, 1852 by subsequent designation.

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia

IMCRA

Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower E coast, S Gulfs coast
  • New South Wales: Lower E coast

History of changes

• Penilia avirostris Dana, J. 1852. Conspectus Crustaceorum in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione C. Wilkes classe Reipublicae foederata duce collectorum. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 201-220 [47].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown (probably lost in the wreck of the Peacock at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon), Rio [de] Janeiro.
• Penilia orientalis Dana, J. 1852. Conspectus Crustaceorum in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione C. Wilkes classe Reipublicae foederata duce collectorum. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 201-220 [47].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, whereabouts unknown (probably lost in the wreck of the Peacock at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon), Sunda.
• Penilia schmackeri Richard, J. 1895. Revision des Cladocères. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 7 18: 279-389 [344].

  Type data:

   Status unknown, port of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
• Penilia pacifica Kramer, A. 1895. On the most frequent pelagic copepoda and Cladocera of the Mauraki Gulf. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 10 27: 214-223 [222].

Distribution

States

New South Wales, South Australia

IMCRA

Great Australian Bight Shelf Transition (32), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • 200 m bathymetric: Bass Strait, G. Aust. Bight, Lower E coast, S Gulfs coast

Ecological Descriptors

In coastal waters.

History of changes

• Pseudosida Herrick, C.L. 1884. Crustacea. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Minnesota 12((5)): 20 [20].

  Type species:

   Pseudosida bidentata Herrick, 1884 by original designation.
• Parasida Daday, E. 1904. Ein neues cladoceren-Genus der Familie Sididae. Rovartani Lapok 11: 111 [111].

Distribution

States

New South Wales

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), Sydney Basin (SB), South East Corner (SEC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • New South Wales: SE coastal

History of changes

• Pseudosida australiensis Korovchinsky, N.M. 1983. Latonopsis, Pseudosida & Penilia. pp. 5-13 in Smirnov, N.N. & Timms, B.V. Revision of the Australian Cladocera (Crustacea). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 1: 1-132 [9].

  Type data:

   Holotype AM P31301 ♂, north of the Red Rock National Park, via Woolgoolga, NSW.

Distribution

States

New South Wales

Extra Distribution Information

Acid coastal dune lakes, northern NSW

Australian Endemic.

IBRA

NSW: NSW North Coast (NNC), South Eastern Queensland (SEQ)

IMCRA

Central Eastern Shelf Transition (39)

Ecological Descriptors

Dune lake.

History of changes

• Sarsilatona Korovchinsky, N.M. 1985. Sarsilatona, a new genus of the family Sididae (Crustacea: Cladocera) with two redescribed species and one new species. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 70: 397-425 [398].

  Type species:

   Pseudosida papuana Daday, 1900 by original designation.

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

IBRA

NT: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Channel Country (CHC), Central Ranges (CR), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Finke (FIN), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Northern Territory
• Papua New Guinea

History of changes

• Pseudosida papuana Daday, E. von 1900. Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere aus Deutsch Neu Guinea. Természetrajzi Füzetek 24: 1-56 [Date published 1901] [42].

Distribution

States

Northern Territory

IBRA

NT: Arnhem Coast (ARC), Arnhem Plateau (ARP), Burt Plain (BRT), Central Arnhem (CA), Channel Country (CHC), Central Ranges (CR), Daly Basin (DAB), Darwin Coastal (DAC), Davenport Murchison Ranges (DMR), Finke (FIN), Gulf Fall and Uplands (GFU), Great Sandy Desert (GSD), Gulf Coastal (GUC), MacDonnell Ranges (MAC), Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD), Ord Victoria Plain (OVP), Pine Creek (PCK), Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields (SSD), Stony Plains (STP), Sturt Plateau (STU), Tanami (TAN), Tiwi Cobourg (TIW), Victoria Bonaparte (VB)

Original AFD Distribution Data

Australian Region

• Australia
  • Northern Territory

History of changes