Diagnosis

Demospongiae, encrusting to massive, with a marked cortex enriched with fibrillar collagen, with inhalant apertures localised in pore-sieves or cribriporal chones and a skeleton often absent, composed when present of nodular spongin fibres or aster microscleres only (never megascleres). Collagen always very abundant. Oviparous.

ID Keys

KEY TO GENERA
(1) Chondrosida with skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chondrosida without skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

(2) Chondrosida with siliceous skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chondrilla
Chondrosida with spongin skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thymosia

(3) Chondrosida with a well developed cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chondrosia
Chondrosida with a thin cortex and a cuticle . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thymosiopsis

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Order Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985. Family Chondrillidae Gray, 1872. pp. 291-298 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [291]

General References

Bergquist, P.R. 1978. Sponges. London : Hutchinson 268 pp. 12 pls 81 figs 15 tables.

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Order Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985. Family Chondrillidae Gray, 1872. pp. 291-298 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1.

Brien, P., Lévi, C., Sarà, M., Tuzet, O. & Vacelet, J. 1973. Spongiaires. pp. 1-716 485 figs in Grassé, P.P. (ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Paris : Masson et Cie Vol. 3(1).

Hartman, W.D. 1982. Porifera. pp. 640-666 in Parker, S.P. (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York : McGraw-Hill Vol. 1.

Hechtel, G.J. 1965. A systematic study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 20: i-iv 1-103 8 pls

Hechtel, G.J. 1969. New species and records of shallow-water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla 132: 1-38

Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map

Thomas, P.A. 1973. Marine Demospongiae of Mahé Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Tervuren Belgique Zool. 203: 1-96 pls 1-8

Thomas, P.A. 1979. Studies on sponges of the Mozambique Channel. I. Sponges of Inhaca Island. II. Sponges of Mambone and Paradise Islands. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Tervuren Belgique Zool. 227: 1-73

Topsent, E. 1928. Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Méditerranée provenant des croisières du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco 74: 1-376 11 pls

Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water Sponges of the Western Bahamas. Basel : Birkhäuser (Experientia Suppl. 28) 287 pp. 43 pls.

Wilson, H.V. 1925. Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross during the Philippine Expedition, 1907–10. In Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 100(2/4): i-vii 273-532 pls 37-52

History of changes

• Chondrilla Schmidt, E.O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 7 pls. [38].

  Type species:

   Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 by subsequent designation, see Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [182].
• Magog Sollas, W.J. 1888. Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, Zoology 25(63): clxvi 1-458 44 pls 1 map [422].

  Type species:

   Chondrilla sacciformis Carter, 1879 by monotypy.

  Secondary source:

   Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water Sponges of the Western Bahamas. Basel : Birkhäuser (Experientia Suppl. 28) 287 pp. 43 pls. [186].
• Chondrillastra Topsent, E. 1918. Eponges de San Thomé. Essai sur les genres Spirastrella, Donatia et Chondrilla. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 57: 535-618 29 figs [603].

  Type species:

   Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873 by subsequent designation, see Laubenfels, M.W. de 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. (Tortugas Lab. Paper No. 467). Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington 30: 1-225 22 pls 1 map [182].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Wiedenmayer, F. 1977. Shallow-water Sponges of the Western Bahamas. Basel : Birkhäuser (Experientia Suppl. 28) 287 pp. 43 pls. [186]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Amphi-Atlantic, S Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region, New Zealand(?), W and E Pacific Ocean (tropical).

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23), Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Diagnosis

Chondrillidae with a skeleton only composed of siliceous spicules of the aster type localised mainly in the cortex and around the canals.

ID Keys

Key to Australian species of ChondrilIa
1. Oxyasters present.................................. Chondrilla australiensis
Oxyasters absent........................................ 2
2. Oxysphaerasters present 1 small size ....Chondrilla linnaei
Oxysphaerasters present 2 sizes ............Chondrilla secunda

Diagnosis References

Boury-Esnault, N. 2002. Order Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985. Family Chondrillidae Gray, 1872. pp. 291-298 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Vol. 1. [293]

Fromont, J., Usher, K.L., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. & Kuo, J. 2008. Species of the sponge genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae:Chondrosida: Chondrillidae) in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 469–486 [484]

History of changes

• Chondrilla australiensis Carter, H.J. 1873. On two new species of Gummineae, with special and general observations. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4 12: 17-30 pl. 1 [23].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1895.8.9.1 wet, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
  Paratype(s) BMNH 1954.3.9.4 slide; BMNH 1895.8.9.1a slide 1/72.
• Chondrilla corticata Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 4. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 10: 3-22 pls 1-5 [18].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G9050 wet (NMV photos 12/0,1), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.82 wet (=slide 1/72), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.101 wet (=slide 1/72), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.83 slide 1/72, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; ZMB 6509 slide, Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E]; ZMB 2310 wet (slide), Port Jackson, NSW [33°51'S 151°15'E].
• Chondrilla papillata Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 4. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 10: 3-22 pls 1-5 [17].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G9051 wet (NMV photos 21/22,23), 10–30 m, Port Jackson, NSW, [Port Phillip Bay, VIC] [33°51'S 151°15'E, 38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.84 wet; BMNH 1886.6.7.85 slide 1/72; BMNH 1886.6.7.86 slide 1/72; BMNH 1954.2.10.14 slide 1/73; ZMB 6508 slide, Port Phillip [38°07'S 144°48'E].
• Chondrilla globulifera Keller, C. 1891. Die Spongienfauna des rothen Meeres (2. Hälfte). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 52: 294-368 pls 16-20 [327].

  Type data:

   Holotype ZMUZ 123 960 wet (coords for Red Sea), Suakin, Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E].
• Chondrilla ternatensis Thiele, J. 1900. Kieselschwämme von Ternate. I. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 25: 19-80 pls 2-3 [65].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) SMF 670 wet, 2 specimens (=BMNH 1908.9.24.111 fragments of type), Ternate, Molucca Sea, Indonesia [0°47'06"N 127°22'12"E]; ZMB 3166 fragments of type, 3 slides, Ternate, Molucca Sea, Indonesia [0°47'06"N 127°22'12"E].
• Chondrilla australiensis lobata Dendy, A. 1905. Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. 57-246 pls 1-16 in Herdman, W.A. (ed.). Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. London : Royal Society Vol. 3 Suppl. 18. [132].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1907.2.1.31 wet, Sri Lanka [8°23'31"N 80°11'24"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1924. The genus Chondrilla. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 14: 206-209 [207]

Distribution

States

New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

NW Shelf, Houtman Abrolhos, Turtle Is., Westernport Bay, Port Jackson, also Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Indo-Malayan region.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Central Eastern Shelf Province (38), Northwest Province (4), Central Western Transition (5)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 10–67 m.

General References

Davis, A.R., Fyfe, S.K., Turon, X. & Uriz, M.J. 2003. Size matters sometimes: wall height and the structure of subtidal benthic invertebrate assemblages in south-eastern Australia and Mediterranean Spain. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1797-1807 [1804] (Listed in this article)

Fromont, J. 1999. Demosponges of the Houtman Abrolhos. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 175-184 [177] (Listed in this article)

Fromont, J. 1999. Reproduction of some demosponges in a temperate Australian shallow water habitat. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 185-192 [186] (Listed in this article)

Fromont, J., Usher, K.L., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. & Kuo, J. 2008. Species of the sponge genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae:Chondrosida: Chondrillidae) in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 469–486 [480]

Fromont, J. & Garson, M. 1999. Sponge bleaching on the West and east coasts of Australia. Coral Reefs 18: 340-340 [340] (Mentioned in this article)

Hooper, J.N.A., List-Armitage, S.E., Kennedy, J.A., Cook, S.D. & Valentine, C.A. 1999. Sponges of the Low Isles, Great Barrier Reef: an important scientific site, or a case of mistaken identity? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 249-262 [257]

Lemloh, M.L., Fromont, J., Brümmer, F., & Usher, K.M. 2009. Diversity and abundance of photosynthetic sponges in temperate Western Australia. BMC Ecology 9(4): 1-13 [5]

Usher, K.M., Kuo, J., Fromont, J. & Sutton, D.C. 2001. Vertical transmission of cyanobacterial symbionts in the marine sponge Chondrilla australiensis (Demospongiae). Hydrobiologia 461: 15-23 [15]

Usher, K.M., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S., Kuo, J. & Fromont, J. 2004. Sexual reproduction in Chondrilla australiensis (Porifera: Demospongiae). Marine and Freshwater Research 55: 123-134 [117]

History of changes

• Chondrilla linnaei Fromont, J., Usher, K.L., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. & Kuo, J. 2008. Species of the sponge genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae:Chondrosida: Chondrillidae) in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 469–486 [472].

  Type data:

   Holotype WAM Z13267 wet, Twilight Cove, Esperance, Western Australia [33°51'S, 121°55'E].
• Chondrilla nucula sensu Shaw, 1927 [(not C. nucula Schmidt, 1862). Voucher specimen BMNH 1925.11.1.1331 from Tasmania].

  Secondary source:

   Shaw, M.E. 1927. On a collection of sponges from Maria Island, Tasmania. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1918: 419-439 4 figs 1 pl. [419].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Fromont, J., Usher, K.L., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. & Kuo, J. 2008. Species of the sponge genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae:Chondrosida: Chondrillidae) in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 469–486 [472]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Known from Maria I (Tas), Kangaroo I (SA), Esperance, Abany, Busselton and Jurien (WA), from 3-11m depth

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Tasmanian Shelf Province (36)

General References

Fromont, J., Usher, K.L., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. & Kuo, J. 2008. Species of the sponge genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae:Chondrosida: Chondrillidae) in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 469–486 [472]

History of changes

• Chondrilla mixta Schulze, F.E. 1877. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Dritte Mittheilung. Die Familie der Chondrosidae. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 29: 87-122 pls 8-9 [113].

  Type data:

   Holotype MJG, Red Sea [22°32'56"N 37°06'43"E].
• Chondrilla distincta Schulze, F.E. 1877. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Dritte Mittheilung. Die Familie der Chondrosidae. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 29: 87-122 pls 8-9 [113].

  Type data:

   Holotype MJG, Ponapé, Caroline Ils [6°56'13"N 158°21'21"E].

  Secondary source:

   Topsent, E. 1918. Eponges de San Thomé. Essai sur les genres Spirastrella, Donatia et Chondrilla. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 57: 535-618 29 figs [605]; Burton, M. 1924. The genus Chondrilla. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 14: 206-209 [207].
• Chondrilla nuda Lendenfeld, R. von 1897. Spongien von Sansibar. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 21: 93-133 pls 9-10 [105].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) ZMB 2965 3 specimens, Bawi, near Zanzibar, Indian Ocean [5°36'25"N 16°15'28"E]; ZMB 2964 2 specimens, Kokotoni, near Zanzibar, Indian Ocean [6°09'57"S 39°12'10"E]; ZMB 2385 slide; BMNH 1897.3.24.60–61 2 slides; BMNH 1908.9.24.110 wet fragment of type.
• Chondrilla media Hentschel, E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwämme der Aru- und Kai Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 294-448 pls 13-21 [321].

  Type data:

   Holotype SMF 998 wet, 15 m, Sungai Barkai (eastern half), Aru Ils, Arafura Sea [no coords available for Sungai Barkai].
• Chondrilla agglutinans Dendy, A. 1916. Report on the non-calcareous sponges collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905–6. 93-146, pls 1-4 in Hornell, J. (ed.). Report to the Government of Baroda on the marine zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar. London : Williams & Norgate Vol. 2. [102].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1920.12.9.11 wet (coords for Okha), Chindi Reefs, Okha/Beyt, Kattiawar Peninsula, India [53°35'49"N 142°57'25"E].

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Burton, M. 1924. The genus Chondrilla. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 14: 206-209 [207]

Distribution

Extra Distribution Information

Christmas Is.; Flying Fish Cove, also Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region and W Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Christmas Island Province (23)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth intertidal–25 m.

General References

Usher, K.M., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. Kuo, J. & Fromont, J. 2004. Biogeography and phylogeny of Chondrilla species (Demospongiae) in Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 270: 117-127 [117]

History of changes

• Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, E.O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 7 pls. [39].

  Type data:

   Holotype MJG 15108 wet, Kvarner Gulf (as Quarhero), Adriatic Sea, Yugoslavia [no coords available].
  Paratype(s) MJG 15687, 15955 wet (depository uncertain); BMNH 1867.7.26.1 wet; BMNH 1867.7.26.30 dry; BMNH 1867.5.21.336 dry fragment; BMNH 1867.3.11.67 slide.

  Secondary source:

   Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Stone, S.M. 1992. O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue. An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle iv+190 pp. 49 pls. [9, 33] (re types).
• Chondrilla embolophora Schmidt, E.O. 1862. Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig : Engelmann 88 pp. 7 pls. [39].

  Type data:

   Holotype BMNH 1867.3.11.21 slide, Zadar Channel, Adriatic Sea, Yugoslavia [44°06'50"N 15°14'27"E].
  Paratype(s) ZMB 6559 (slide).

  Secondary source:

   Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Stone, S.M. 1992. O. Schmidt Sponge Catalogue. An illustrated guide to the Graz Museum Collection, with notes on additional material. Geneva : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle iv+190 pp. 49 pls. [9, 33] (re types).

Taxonomic Decision for Synonymy

• Hechtel, G.J. 1965. A systematic study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 20: i-iv 1-103 8 pls [74]

Distribution

States

Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia

Extra Distribution Information

Champion Bay, Low Isles, Port Phillip Heads, Westernport Bay, also S Atlantic Ocean, amphi-Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Malayan region, W and E Pacific Ocean.

IMCRA

Central Western Shelf Transition (28), Central Western Shelf Province (29), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37), Northwest Province (4), Northeast Shelf Province (40), Northeast Shelf Transition (41), Central Western Transition (5)

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marinesessile.

Extra Ecological Information

Depth 1–736 m.

General References

Usher, K.M., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. Kuo, J. & Fromont, J. 2004. Biogeography and phylogeny of Chondrilla species (Demospongiae) in Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 270: 117-127 [117]

History of changes

• Chondrilla secunda Lendenfeld, R. von 1885. A monograph of the Australian sponges. Part 4. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 10: 3-22 pls 1-5 [15].

  Type data:

   
  Syntype(s) AM G9057 wet (NMV photos 25/27,28), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; AM G3396 (slide, ex BMNH), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.92 wet, Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.93–94 two specimens (NMV photos 38/29,30), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1886.6.7.95–96 2 slides 1/74, Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; ZMB 1131 9 slides, Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; ZMB 650 slide (BMNH 1954.2.10.15, slide 1/74), Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E]; BMNH 1954.2.10.15 slide 1/74, Port Phillip Bay, VIC [38°07'S 144°48'E].

Distribution

States

Victoria

Extra Distribution Information

Known from Port Phillip Bay and Westernport Bay (Vic), Kangaroo I and Spencer Gulf (SA), and Esperance, Albany and Jurien (WA)

IMCRA

Southwest Shelf Transition (30), Southwest Shelf Province (31), Spencer Gulf Shelf Province (33), Western Bass Strait Shelf Transition (34), Bass Strait Shelf Province (35), Southeast Shelf Transition (37)

Distribution References

Ecological Descriptors

Filter-feeder, marine, sessile.

Extra Ecological Information

In 'Laminarian Zone' (zone of maximum algal growth).

General References

Fromont, J., Usher, K.L., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. & Kuo, J. 2008. Species of the sponge genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae:Chondrosida: Chondrillidae) in Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24: 469–486 [475]

Usher, K.M., Sutton, D.C., Toze, S. Kuo, J. & Fromont, J. 2004. Biogeography and phylogeny of Chondrilla species (Demospongiae) in Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 270: 117-127 [117]

History of changes